1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

01/10/2010

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

Rainwater harvesting using furrow micro-catchments created by ox-driven plough is a common practice among agropastoral communities in semi-arid southeastern Kenya. It is an important component of seedbed preparation prior to the planting season. This technology is aimed at harvesting rainwater to prolong water availability and soil moisture content for seed germination and subsequent growth and development of the emerging seedlings.

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Ox-ploughed furrow micro-catchments are intentionally built as part of seedbed preparation to harvest rainwater. Commonly used in dryland environments, the micro-catchment prolong water availability for seed germination and growth and development of the emerging seedlings.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Creation of furrow micro-catchments using an ox-driven plough is a traditional seedbed preparation practice among agropastoral communities inhabiting arid and semi-arid environments in Kenya. The process involves minimal soil disturbance by intentionally creating shallow furrows (about 20 cm depth) using an ox-driven plough. Oxen commonly used predominantly have a light and bright skin coat. This is aimed at reflecting away excess heat from the sun. Consequently, the oxen are less fatigued and can therefore plough for a longer period of time. The furrow microcatchments are intentionally created across the slope to harvest rainwater to prolong water availability for seed germnination and subsequent growth and development of emerging seedlings. Furthermore, the ox-plough breaks the soil hard-pan common in dryland environments. Therefore, the microcatchments also facilitate seedling root penetration to the lower horizons. Prolonged water availability, especially in dryland environments, promotes growth and development of fast growing and early maturing drought tolerant crops and indigenous pasture production, consequently better crop yields and pasture production.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

Two rainy seasons in Kenya; long rains (March-April-May), short rains (October-November-December)

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 最小的土壤扰动
• 土壤肥力综合管理
• 集水

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• > 10,000 平方千米

注释:

Common practice in southeastern Kenya counties of Kitui (24,000 km2), Machakos (5900 km2), and Makueni (8000 km2)

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Ox-ploughed furrow micro-catchments 15-20 cm deep and 10-15 cm wide. This is a typical traditional method of seedbed preparation in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) in southeastern Kenya. The micro-cathcments are intentionally made prior to the rainy season. Thereafter, the seeds are then sown along the micro-catchments to harvest rainwater. This prolongs water availability and maintains sufficient soil moisture content to facilitate germination and subsequent growth and development of the seedlings. Moreover, the ox-driven plough breaks the soil hard-pan common in dryland environments. This minimal soil disturbance promotes root penetration.

Seeds are covered with light amount of soil to facilitate seedling emergence.

Generally, the micro-catchments are created across the slope. Slope should be generally flat or very gentle (<5%) to reduce the speed of run-off, thus prevent soil erosion.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Creation of furrow micro-catchments with ox-plough	植物性的	Before onset of rains

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Casual and Household Labour	person-days	1.0	20.0	20.0	100.0
设备	Hiring ox-driven plough	person-days	1.0	400.0	400.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					420.0

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Re-ploughing and enforcing micro-catchments	植物性的	Before onset of next rains

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Casual and household labour	person-days	1.0	5.0	5.0	100.0
设备	Hiring ox-driven plough	person-days	1.0	400.0	400.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					405.0

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Cost of hiring ox-plough - before the onset of the rains, there is a high demand for ox-ploughs for seedbed preparation and creation of micro-catchments. This increased demand (i.e. hiring the ox-plough) greatly influences the costs.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凸形情况

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Luvisol, %C 0.75-1.56%; %N 0.3-0.4%; P 13-15 ppm; CEC 6-19 me/100 g soil; K 1-2 me/100 g soil; Bulk density 1.2-1.3 g cm3; soil pH 8

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Water quantity and quality is highly dependant on rainfall

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

注释:

Land use rights - both communal and individual
Water use rights - both communal and individual

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

生态影响

土壤

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年降雨量		减少	适度
季雨量	湿季/雨季	减少	适度

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 大于 50%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 50-90%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Relatively a cheap method of in-situ rainwater harvesting to harness water availability for crop and pasture production.
Prolong rainfed water availability
Breaks the soil hardpan developed over time due to continuous cultivation and hoof action of grazing animals. This promotes rainwater infiltration to lower horizon, thus minimizes runoff.
Reduced human labour requirement and faster method of seedbed preparation compared to hand held hoe

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Breaks the soil hardpan developed over time due to continuous cultivation and hoof action of grazing animals. This promotes rainwater infiltration to lower horizon, thus minimizes runoff.
Prolong rainfed water availability
Relatively cheap
Reduced human labour requirement and faster method of seedbed preparation compared to hand held hoe

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Ox-plough availability and accessibility i.e. demand, if not individually owned	Supply affordable ox-driven ploughs to rural households
Oxen need training before they can be used for ploughing. This takes some time.	Research outreach and extension services
Oxen get exhausted thus can´t plough for many hours in the drylands	Simple and light mechanization for creating furrow microcatchments

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
High costs of hiring ox-ploughs when in high demand	Joint ownership of ox-ploughs among neighbours, agropastoral farmer groups to eliminate the cost of hiring.
Semi-permanent - i.e. don´t last beyond a growing season and therefore new ones need to be created every growing season.	Creation of macrocatchments and/or trenches that are deeper and last longer.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

KZ Mganga, NKR Musimba, MM Nyangito, DM Nyariki, AW Mwang’ombe. 2015. The choice of grass species to combat desertification in semi-arid Kenyan rangelands is greatly influenced by their forage value for livestock. Grass and Forage Science 70: 161-167.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Grass and Forage Science Journal; USD 38

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

3. KZ Mganga, NKR Musimba, DM Nyariki. 2015. Combining sustainable land management technologies to combat land degradation and improve rural livelihoods in semi-arid lands in Kenya. Environmental Management 56: 1538-1548

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Environmental Management Journal, USD 43.34

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

2. KZ Mganga, NKR Musimba, DM Nyariki. 2015. Competition indices of three perennial grasses used to rehabilitate degraded semi-arid rangelands in Kenya. The Rangelands Journal 37: 489-495

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

The Rangelands Journal, USD 25

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

The choice of grass species to combat desertification in semi-arid Kenyan rangelands is greatly influenced by their forage value for livestock

URL:

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gfs.12089/abstract

标题/说明:

Combining Sustainable Land Management Technologies to Combat Land Degradation and Improve Rural Livelihoods in Semi-arid Lands in Kenya

URL:

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00267-015-0579-9

标题/说明:

Competition indices of three perennial grasses used to rehabilitate degraded semi-arid rangelands in Kenya

URL:

http://www.publish.csiro.au/RJ/RJ15023