1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

CARITAS (Switzerland) - 瑞士

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - 瑞士

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

16/07/2010

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

After the end of the Soviet era, an increased number of livestock with less grazing land available, has led to the deterioration of the pastures, including overgrazing, reduction of plant diversity, poor livestock health and soil erosion. To tackle the problem, Caritas Switzerland together with livestock committees at village level introduced rotational grazing supported by extra water points and rest places.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

When in 2009 the project started in the two watersheds of Fayzabad and Gesh in Muminabad district, the communities had identified insufficient livestock water points in the pastures, and poor pasture management as top priorities concerning natural resource management in the watersheds. At that time, one of the biggest problems for livestock and herders was the difficult access to water when grazing the daily pastures above the villages. At lunch time, herds had to walk long distances (4-5 kilometers) and actually had to come back to the villages for drinking water. Climbing twice a day to the pasture costs the cattle a lot of energy leading to a yearly loss of up to 40-50 kg, according to a Caritas Switzerland study. One initial measure to improve the condition of the livestock was therefore to establish water points in the pastures. At first, water sources that supply water throughout the year were identified.

Purpose of the Technology: The water is now collected in a cement catchment, from where it is channelled through pipes to the drinking water points for animals. In some cases water tanks are placed above water points, to collect water and to distribute it to the water points. Additionally, rest places were found for the livestock, where they can have a rest in the shade after drinking water on hot summer days.
In conjunction to the establishment of water points, a rotational grazing scheme was introduced. The pasture land in the watershed was divided into ten parts and in each plot the animals were allowed to graze for five to eight days, assuring longer growing times for grass on specific pastures and thus increasing the quantity of grass and the quality of the pastures.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Livestock committees, consisting of five people, were organised. They took the lead in developing appropriate grazing schemes and discussing the location of the water points with the villagers. They are in charge of further maintenance of the water points, and the daily organisation of the rotational grazing. One of the five committee members is the shepherd. Every morning he accompanies the herd and checks the water points and the rest places. Once a month he collects one Somoni from each family to cover costs arising from this method of pasture management in the watershed.

Natural / human environment: The technology is implemented on pasture land where animal drinking water is readily available only in spring, and during the rest of the year the distances to water sources are long. Daily pastures in stony terrain with steep slopes and pastures situated higher up are difficult to reach. The livestock grazing on common grazing land are controlled by the head shepherd with the task of coordinating the different helpers and having overall responsibility for herding the livestock.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Animal trampling and little vegetation cover, wind erosion, water erosion.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Bad pastures, bad access to water points.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: rotational grazing

Grazingland comments: Healthy livestock go out to the summer pastures and cows that are used for milk stay in the village along with the sick animals.

Type of grazing system comments: Healthy livestock go out to the summer pastures and cows that are used for milk stay in the village along with the sick animals.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 145Longest growing period from month to month: March-September

牲畜密度（如相关）:

> 100 LU /km2

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 畜牧业和牧场管理
• 改良的地面/植被覆盖

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 100-1,000 平方千米

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 93.74 m2.

11 projects applied this technology, however, in the cost section of this case study costs are calculated for only one of these 11 projects (Faizabad watersheds)

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: management measures

Secondary measures: vegetative measures

Type of vegetative measures: in blocks

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Et: loss of topsoil, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Pc: compaction, Ha: aridification

Main causes of degradation: overgrazing (bad management of pastures), population pressure (many animals in the pastures)

Secondary causes of degradation: inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化

注释:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Rotational grazing map for pasture management.

Location: Muminabad district. Muminabad, Khatlon, Tajikistan

Date: 2010-12-27

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration

Secondary technical functions: improvement of ground cover

In blocks
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 200
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 5.00
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 6.00

Trees/ shrubs species: maple

Fruit trees / shrubs species: mulberry, wallnut

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 80.00%

Change of land use practices / intensity level: from grazing land to rotational grazing land

Layout change according to natural and human environment: water points

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Planting trees to create rest places for livestock	植物性的	spring
2.	Planting trees to create rest places for livestock	植物性的
3.	water points	管理	2 months
4.	construction of the pipeline from the spring to the water points	管理	1 month
5.	catchment device on the spring	管理
6.	catchment device on the spring	管理
7.	calculating carring capacity and number of days of grazing period on each plot	管理
8.	calculating carring capacity and number of days of grazing period on each plot	管理

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Planting trees incl. seeds	Persons/day	20.0	5.5	110.0	20.0
劳动力	Waterpoints construction labour	Persons/day	160.0	5.5	880.0	100.0
劳动力	Pipeline Construction incl. Watertanks etc	pipeline	1.0	6648.0	6648.0	30.0
设备	Catchement device	device	1.0	353.0	353.0	20.0
技术建立所需总成本					7991.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Caritas

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Protecting young trees with dead branches from thorny bushes	植物性的	2-3 years
2.	Protecting young trees with dead branches from thorny bushes	植物性的
3.	Watering of trees (done by sheperd)	植物性的	1-2 years
4.	Watering of trees (done by sheperd)	植物性的
5.	rotational grazing and checking the water catchment and distribution system (salary for shepherd)	管理	8 months

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	rotational grazing and checking the water catchment and distribution system	ha	800.0	0.7975	638.0
劳动力	Protecting young trees with dead branches from thorny bushes	Persons/day	20.0	5.5	110.0
技术维护所需总成本					748.0

注释:

Machinery/ tools: spade, possible water tap, shovels, spades

The costs were calculated for infrastructure establishment, labour etc. applying to the whole area of 800 ha.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Distance to the water source, and the availability of high resolution satellite maps (the technology is cheaper if maps are available because the planning process gets facilitated).

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Landforms occure also in ridges.

Slopes on average are also moderate sometimes.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average can somtimes be deep.

Soil fertility is low on spring pastures, medium where the animals are grazing and high on the top of the watershed.

Topsoil organic matter is on the top high and medium in the middle.

Soil drainage / infiltration is good on the top of the watershed and medium in the middle of the watershed.

Soil water storage capacity is high on the top, medium in the middle and very low on the bottom.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Ground water table is everywhere 5-50 m

Water quality (untreated) is als sometime poor.

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: The men do most of the work out in the fields, such as carrying water and walking to the fields.

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

2% of the land users are poor.

Off-farm income specification: most families have remittances from Russia

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	好

注释:

Increase in temperature --> install more water points
Increase or decrease in rainfall --> adapt the rotational grazing system

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 大于 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

500 households in an area of 93.7 km^2 (10 persons/km^2)

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 10-50%

注释:

80% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

480 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: nine other villages would like to adopt this technology

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
More water points How can they be sustained / enhanced? Less risks for their animals

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Rotational grazing to improve grass cover
Better incomes for the farmer and at the same time pasture ressources are better managed How can they be sustained / enhanced? more meetings and workshops

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
difficult to work with maps	one day workshop
one person had to share their water with the rest of the village	organise meetings --> good communication, show the advantages to everybody

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
One year for such a project is too short	project should be extended to 2-3 years as within three years the trees in the rest places will be well established
only one water point it is not enough to improve soil and water conservation	rotational grazing and rest places have to be implemented together with water points
young trees have to be protected	Using PET bottles or thorny bushes