1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - 瑞士

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

NCCR North-South (NCCR North-South) - 吉尔吉斯斯坦

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

17/07/2005

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Establishment of an orchard intercropping system on severely degraded cropland.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

A fruit orchard (consisting of apples, apricots, cherries, pears and nut trees) was established on degraded cropland. Intercropping of annual crops such as wheat, flax, chick peas and vegetables as well as perennial herbaceous fodder plants (alfa-alfa and esparzet) were planted after the first year of the establishment of the orchard. Only the onion plot is rotated systematically since the farmer states that fertility declines due to heavy soil losses result from over-irrigation. Spacing of tree rows varies between 8-10m, the intercropping system is cultivated using a tractor. Fruit trees are aligned in the direction of the slope to facilitate irrigation. At the top of the field an irrigation channel (40cm wide, 15cm deep) stabilised with aligned poplar trees directs water onto the orchard system. During the rainy season the channel serves as a cut-off drain, protecting the land from water running on. Along the trees, a 2.5 m wide grass strip protects the ground from splash erosion.

Purpose of the Technology: The orchard system was established to increase farm production by integrating different resources, while simultaneously conserving soil and water resources and preventing development of gullies. Prior to tree planting, the area had been levelled with a bulldozer to restore the severely degraded cropland. The bought seedlings were planted in hand-dug pits. During summer, the orchard system is watered three days per week; manure is applied around the fruit trees on an annual basis. Pruning of the trees is done in early spring. Due to irrigation, the grass strips can be harvested twice a year for haymaking. Farming two crops at a time means gross farm production could be considerably increased, which is the reaon why the farmer considered the technology successful. However, establishment and maintenance of the technology is cost intensive and, in this case study, was only affordable due to the farmers off-farm income. Since the tree rows are aligned up and down the slope, soil erosion is solely reduced by the capability of the irrigation channel (and aligned tree barrier) to prevent the system from runon. Planting tree rows on the gradient would increase the technologies potential to reduce soil loss.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Severe water erosion (gullies and rills) and subsequent decline in fertility on cropland and on overgrazed pastures.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: If the land is irrigated, then after the harvest of annual crops (mid-July until beginning of August), and there is immediate sowing/planting of vegetables (maize, tomatoes, cucumbers, melon among others), then the harvest of vegetables in late August and September is possible.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 充分灌溉

注释:

Water supply also rainfed

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 210Longest growing period from month to month: March - August

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 农业林学

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 0.1-1 平方千米

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures

Type of agronomic measures: mixed cropping / intercropping, manure / compost / residues, mineral (inorganic) fertilizers

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Irrigated orchard system with intercropping; irrigation channel (stabilised by aligned poplar trees) also acts as a cut-off drain to prevent runon.

Location: Chinoro. Faizabad Rayon, RRS

Date: 18.07.2005

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert, improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides)

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase in soil fertility

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: wheat, chickpeas, flax, vegetables, alfa-alfa, esparzet
Remarks: between tree rows

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: manure
Quantity/ density: 20kg/tree
Remarks: spreading around fruit trees

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: silitra and/or superphosphate
Quantity/ density: 200kg/ha
Remarks: only if wheat is intercropped

Vegetative measure: aligned: slope direction
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 200
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 8
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 5

Vegetative measure: aligned: slope direction
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 8
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2

Vegetative measure: aligned: along irigation channel on contour
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 50
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs

Trees/ shrubs species: poplar trees

Fruit trees / shrubs species: apple, pear, cherry, apricot, peach and nut trees

Grass species: grass cover with esparzet and alfa alfa (sown to improve grass cover)

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 17.00%

Structural measure: diversion ditch / cut-off drain
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.15
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.4
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 100

Construction material (earth): earth was moved to fill gullies and large rills

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 17%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	land levelling and filling up of gullies	结构性的	winter/early spring
2.	digging of irrigation channel	结构性的	spring
3.	acquiring tree seedlings on market or at sovkhoze	植物性的
4.	digging of pits	植物性的	early spring
5.	planting seedlings in pits	植物性的	early spring
6.	sowing of esparzet and alfa alfa (grass strips) to get intact grass cover	植物性的	spring

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	land levelling	ha	1.0	45.0	45.0	100.0
设备	tools	ha	1.0	25.0	25.0	100.0
设备	machine for land levelling	ha	1.0	150.0	150.0
植物材料	seedlings	ha	1.0	250.0	250.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					470.0

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	clearing of irigation channel/cut-off drain from washed in soil	结构性的	rainy season/weekly
2.	periodical irrigation (3x a week)	植物性的	summer /three days/week
3.	periodical irrigation (3x a week)	植物性的	summer /three days/week
4.	application of manure	植物性的	early spring /annual
5.	application of manure	植物性的	early spring /annual
6.	application of pesticides	植物性的	spring /annual
7.	application of pesticides	植物性的	spring /annual
8.	pruning of fruit trees	植物性的	winter/early spring /annual
9.	pruning of fruit trees	植物性的	winter/early spring /annual
10.	cutting of grass (haymaking)	植物性的	summer /twice a cropping season
11.	cutting of grass (haymaking)	植物性的	summer /twice a cropping season
12.	ploughing of area between tree rows (disc plough)	农业学的	depending on crop / annual
13.	applying of mineral fertilisers	农业学的	spring / annual (only for intercropped wheat)
14.	weeding	农业学的	spring / regularly
15.	applying manure around fruit trees	农业学的	winter/spring /annual

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	ploughing of area	ha	1.0	20.0	20.0	100.0
劳动力	sowing and weeding	ha	1.0	18.0	18.0
劳动力	pruning of fruit trees	ha	1.0	30.0	30.0
劳动力	spraying trees with biocides	ha	1.0	12.0	12.0
植物材料	seeds	ha	1.0	30.0	30.0	100.0
植物材料				1.0
肥料和杀菌剂	fertilizer	ha	1.0	50.0	50.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	biocides	ha	1.0	10.0	10.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	compost/manure	ha	1.0	40.0	40.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					210.0

注释:

Costs were calculated for a 100x100 m field plot (with a projected 200 fruit trees/ha).

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Number of trees planted: since the establishment and maintainance require considerable financial and labour inputs; expenditures for tree seedlings bought from the market: N.B. if nursing the trees is completed by land user himself, establishment costs can be halved.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility: medium

Soil drainage / infiltration: medium

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

5% of the land users are rich and own 15% of the land.
75% of the land users are average wealthy and own 70% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: In general, all farmers (including those applying SWC technologies) are highly dependent on off-farm incomes, which in most cases are earned in Russia, either by themselves or by their relatives.

Market orientation of production system subsistence (self-supply): Subsistence, only surpluses sold

Level of mechanization: Ploughing is carried out by tractor whenever possible, but also animal traction is existent.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 租赁

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

减少气候和灾害风险

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 大于 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

20 households in an area of 0.1 - 1 km2

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

20 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
increase in overall farm income
prevention of gully and large rill erosion

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
orchard system is protected from runon
effectively prevents formation of gullies and large rills
significant increases in gross farm production
effective way of rehabilitating bad lands
increases soil fertility How can they be sustained / enhanced? consequent mulching would increase the organic matter content of the soil, and hence soil fertility

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
fruit trees vulnerable to pests, frost and strong winds

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
high establishment and maintainance costs	if nursing of tree seedlings is carried out by the land user himself, establishment costs can be reduced
does not prevent soil erosion, soil losses especially where irrigated	By planting tree rows on gradient (not up and down the slope)
management of orchard systems requires considerable inputs which often cannot be afforded by poor people