1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - 意大利

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Ethiopia (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) - 埃塞俄比亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

01/07/2003

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Rehabilitation of communal grazing lands, through planting of improved grass and fodder trees and land subdivision, to improve fodder and consequently livestock production.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

This case study focuses on the highly populated, humid highland regions of Ethiopia that experience serious shortages of pasture. Due to rapid population growth, communal grazing areas are increasingly being converted into cropland. This has led to enormous pressure on the little remaining grazing land, through overstocking of dairy cows and oxen, and thus overgrazing, resulting in considerably decreased productivity.
Improved grazing land management is vital to increase food security and alleviate poverty, as well as to bring environmental rewards. To address these problems, the national SWC programme in Ethiopia initiated a grazing land management project over a decade ago. Implementation of the technology includes the initial delineating of the grazing land, and then fencing to exclude open access. This is followed by land preparation, application of compost (and, if necessary, inorganic fertilizers) to improve soil fertility, then planting of improved local and exotic fodder species, including multipurpose shrubs/trees such as Leucaena sp. and Sesbania sp. and the local desho grass (Pennisetum sp.). Desho has a high nutritive value and regular cuts are ensured. It is planted by splits, which have high survival rates and establish better than grasses which are seeded. Other grass seeds, as well as legumes, including alfalfa (lucerne: Medicago sativa) and clovers in some cases, are mixed with fodder tree seeds and then broadcast.
Maintenance activities such as weeding, manuring and replanting ensure proper establishment and persistence. Fodder is cut and carried to stall-fed livestock. Once a year, grass is cut for hay, which is stored to feed animals during the dry season. Experience shows that such grazing land is best managed when individually owned and used. In the study area, the community has distributed small plots (<0.5 ha) of communal grazing land to individual users to develop, manage and use.
The overall purpose of the intervention is to improve the productivity of grazing land and control land degradation through the introduction of productive techniques and improved fodder species, which consequently improve livestock production. Commercialisation of animals and marketing of their products increases the income of farmers. The government provides technical assistance, close follow-up, and some inputs for initial establishment. Land users are trained in compost/ manure application, planting of seeds, splits and seedlings, and general maintenance.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Population growth has resulted in a substantial reduction in land holdings (<0.5 ha per family) and this in turn has led inevitably to encroachment onto communal grazing lands for cultivation. Livestock numbers on the other hand have remained unchanged, and this has led to overstocking of the few areas left. Livestock production, which accounts for 40% of the average household income, is thus reduced and farmers’ income declines correspondingly.

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化，则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 210 Longest growing period from month to month: March - September

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 区域封闭（停止使用，支持恢复）
• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 改良植物品种/动物品种

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 20 km2.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures, management measures

Type of agronomic measures: manure / compost / residues

Type of vegetative measures: scattered / dispersed

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Splits of desho grass (Pennisetum pedecillatum) are plantet in lines, using a hand hoe, after good seedbed preparation. Spacing between grass splits is 10 x 10 cm. The white line is a boundary between two households' plots (width of plot: 15-20 m). Trees are planted at rirregular spacing (around 5 m apart), layout is not specified.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, control of dispersed runoff, increase in soil fertility

Secondary technical functions: increase of infiltration, improvement of soil structure, control of concentrated runoff

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: animal manure, leaf litter, wood ash, soil

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass

Trees/ shrubs species: Leucaena sp., Sesbania sp.

Grass species: Desho grass (Pennisetumsp.), alfalfa (lucerne: Medicago sativa)

Other type of management: change of intensity level

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Delineation of the area to be conserved and establishment of a fence	植物性的	before the onset of rain
2.	Subdivision of communal land into individual plots of 0.3–0.5 ha.	植物性的
3.	Planting material preparation in nurseries: grass splits (desho)	植物性的
4.	Good seedbed preparation	植物性的	(at the onset of the rains).
5.	Planting of grass splits and tree/shrub species in lines; sowing of grass	植物性的	(early in the rainy season).
6.	Weeding.	植物性的

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	320.0	320.0	100.0
设备	Animal traction	ha	1.0	17.0	17.0	100.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	5.0	5.0	50.0
植物材料	Seedlings	ha	1.0	5.0	5.0
植物材料	Grass splits (tillers)	ha	1.0	450.0	450.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Fertilizer	ha	1.0	60.0	60.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Compost/manure	ha	1.0	140.0	140.0	100.0
施工材料	Deadwood for fencing	ha	1.0	55.0	55.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					1052.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Compost/manure preparation. Material used includes animal manure,	农业学的	/ initial establishment
2.	Compost application	农业学的	/ one month after planting, initial establishment
3.	Cut-and-carry, to stall-fed animals, begins when fodder is ready.	植物性的	(after 2–3 months growth) /2 -4 times
4.	A final cut for hay is taken early in the dry season when the grass has matured well.	植物性的	(end of October) /
5.	Weeding	植物性的	/each year.
6.	Compost/manure application, mixed with soil, during seedbed preparation (only where plants have died and need replacement and fertilisation).	植物性的
7.	Enrichment planting and gap filling	植物性的	after a year / repeated each year.

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	35.0	35.0	100.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	4.0	4.0	100.0
植物材料	Seeds	ha	1.0	30.0	30.0	100.0
植物材料	Seedlings	ha	1.0	2.0	2.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Fertilizer	ha	1.0	15.0	15.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Compost/manure	ha	1.0	35.0	35.0	100.0
施工材料	Deadwood for fencing	ha	1.0	5.0	5.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					126.0

注释:

Seedlings are given by the government for initial establishment. For further extension of area and replanting, the
land users set up their own nurseries. After 2-3 years maintenance costs decrease substantially as the grass cover closes up and maintenance activities such as replanting/enrichment planting and compost application are reduced or cease. The local daily wage is about US$ 0.70 a day, but varies depending on the intensity of the work. In this calculation the standard rate has been applied.
Farmers usually cannot afford fertilizers. Milk production compensates for some of the high investment costs (previously, production was low).

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Landforms: Also hill slopes (ranked 2) and foot slopes (ranked 3)
Slopes on average: Also hilly (ranked 2) and rolling (ranked 3)

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility: Medium (ranked 2) and low (ranked 3)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Good

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Off-farm income specification: source of off-farm income includes petty trade and weaving

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 自由进入（无组织）
• 个人

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

注释:

50 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: 50 households who accepted the technology in the initial phase, did so with incentives. They were provided with planting materials (seeds, seedlings, grass splits) and hand tools.

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The rate of spontaneous adoption is very high. At present over 500 households have taken up the technology and the total area covered is about 20 km2.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Increased national income due to export of animals and their products.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Availability of fodder (grass, hay, shrubs) in sufficient quantities, and all year round How can they be sustained / enhanced? Increase the area under such development.
Reduction in soil loss and land degradation How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintain adequate cover by planting more grass.
Introduction of high yielding species as well as increase in land productivity and livestock production How can they be sustained / enhanced? ntroduce bigger variability of quality species and improve maintenance activities such as weeding and cultivation.
Improved diet: livestock by-products such as milk, butter and cheese are essential food items required by the households How can they be sustained / enhanced? Keep on increasing/improving quantity/quality of livestock feed.
Increased income through commercialisation and marketing of animals and their by-products. Meets financial needs for paying taxes, school fees, clothes etc.
Rehabilitation of communal grazing lands is both a technical and social challenge. Here is a promising example from Ethiopia that is spreading quickly. The key is subdivision of land into individual plots where cut-and-carry of grass and stall-feeding of livestock is practiced. This is only a possible option, however, where rainfall is favourable. land use rights: individual for cropland, open access (unorganised/communally used) for grazing land, except for the case study area where the rights to rehabilitated grazing land are given to individuals

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
At the initial stage of establishment it is very labour intensive	Use of improved land preparation methods such as oxen ploughing.
Substantial cash for inputs, particularly seedlings, is required	Produce seedlings of improved species and making compost in backyards.
Needs high fertilizer application	Focus more on organic fertilizers.
High pressure on remaining grazing areas	Keep animals in stall (stable) or park, at least part of the day and during the night, and introduce cut-and-carry more widely.

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Adane Dinku, Chencha Wereda, Natural Resources Management Annual Report,. 2001 and 2002.