1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Scaling-up SLM practices by smallholder farmers (IFAD)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Royal University of Agriculture (RUA) - 柬埔寨

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

22/05/2017

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Crop diversification is the practice of simultaneously cultivating two or multiple varieties of crops in a given area whilst at the same time applying crop rotation and/or intercropping. In this case study the land user has been practicing crop diversification with eleven different crop varieties.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Crop diversification entails simultaneously growing two or multiple varieties of crops in a particular place with the application of crop rotation techniques and/or intercropping. The selection of the crop varieties will depend on the purpose of the land user. In general, a diversity of crops will provide a range of benefits such as food security, nutritional diversity, income generation, soil conservation, pest and disease control as well as adaptation to climate change (CGIAR, 2017, Makate et al, 2016, MoEYS& VVOB Cambodia, 2013).

Mrs. Prum Thon has been cultivating a diversity of crops with the application of rotation techniques​for about 10 years, which involves exchanging an entire crop in a particular row. This means that cultivation can take place throughout the year without having to leave the land fallow. At the time of the interview eleven different crops​ had been cultivated including spring onions, anise basil, Cambodian mint, bok​​​​ choy, choy sum, escarole, mint, long beans, cucumbers, bitter melons and lettuce. Almost all of these crops have an average lifespan of three months, except for the anise basil which can grow for one or two years depending on the way it is cultivated. After she has harvested a particular crop, she will then rotate this crop row with a new distinctive crop species. For instance after having harvested spring onions she will then plant mint in that row, and in the row where she was previously growing mint, she will rotate that with either spring onions or cucumbers.

The practice of crop diversification whilst at the same time rotating the crop in each of the rows aims to achieve the following main objectives:

Crop diversification enables the farmer to generate a daily income to offset her daily expenses which thereby becomes a means of improving her livelihood. Growing a diversity of crops can also enable her to meet a variety of market demands and generate a high daily income. If a farmer grows only one crop specie she can usually earn about 15,000 Riel per day, but if she plants four crop species such as anise basil, bok choy, long beans and cucumbers she can increase her income to about 20,000 Riel per day, However if she grows one more specie such as lettuce or grows eleven different crops, she would be able to increase her income up to 40,000 or 80,000 Riel per day. The practice of crop diversification enables her to generate an income on a daily basis.

Crop diversification with the rotation of the crop in each row after the harvest could assist in reducing soil degradation. According to her experience and observations each crop absorbs different nutrients from the soil. If one row is repeatedly used to cultivate spring onions, they tend not to flourish so well and the roots have a tendency to decay. However if they are rotated with another crop and the spring onions are then grown in another row, they are able to thrive and the roots and stems are less likely to spoil. Crop diversification also has other functions as the cover crops help to reduce soil degradation through expose to sunlight, maintain soil moisture, make the soil less compact and​ add beneficial micro-organisms to the soil. In addition crop diversification can control pests especially the practice of growing companion plants such as herbs or spring onions as this can prevent crops from being damaged by pests.

The use of this technology assists in improving livelihoods, reduces migration because she does not need to move in order to find a job in another location, and enables her to generate a daily income. In addition this technology is able to reduce the risk of crop failure resulting from damage by pests and insects.Furthermore it reduces the risks associated with changes in market demand as the farmer produces a diversity of crops and also it prevents and reduces soil degradation. In order to effectively use this technology there needs to be sufficient water supply such as a river, stream, well or pond.This enables the land user to grow crops throughout the year round and reduces damage of crops as the result of unpredictable adverse climate conditions such as changes in rainfall, or the occurrence of drought.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新
• 在实验/研究期间
• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Through her experience and training from Cambodian Center for Study and Development in Agriculture (CEDAC).

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化，则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

Degraded forest land.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

There is one open well and a pond for crop irrigation during drought.

每年的生长季节数:

• 3

具体说明:

Crop rotation throughout the whole year. The land is alway coverd by corps (no fallow period).

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 轮作制度（轮作、休耕、轮垦）
• 土壤肥力综合管理
• 病虫害综合管理（包括有机农业）

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• < 0.1 平方千米（10 公顷）

注释:

It is spread over an area of 2700 square meters.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

The farmer grows specific companion plants on the same plot with the aim of improving the plant growth and the pest control.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

At the first time when she cultivated the land the soil was fertile. At that time she grew only cassava but she realized soon that if she grows always the same crop, the soil will be less fertile from year to year.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

The total area on which the technology has been applied amounts to 2700 square meters (27 meters x 100 meters). Each of the diverse crop species such as spring onions, anise basil, bok choy, choy sum, escarole, Cambodian mint, long beans, bitter melons and lettuce have been divided into separate blocks.

The spring onion crop has been divided into 5 blocks out of which the first block measures 8.50 m x 8.50 m = 72.25 square meters and it contains a total of five rows. The length of each row is 8.50 m and width is 1.4 m and space between each row is 4 centimeters. The second block measures 14.60 m x 13 m= 189.3 square meters and it has been divided into two rows. Each row is 14.60 m in length and has a width of 1.4 m with a space of 4cm between the two rows. The third block measures 9.60 m x 3.90 m= 37.44 square meters and it contains 6 rows. Each of the rows is 9.60 m x 1.4 m and the space between each of the rows is 4 cm. The fourth block measures 6.35 m x 4.55 m= 28.89 square meters and it is divided into 4 rows. Each of the rows is 6.35 m in length and 1.4 m in width, and the space between each of the rows is 4 cm. The fifth block measures 11.60 m x 14.70 m = 170.52 square meters and it contains 6 rows. Each of the rows is 11.60 m in length, and 1.5 m in width and the space between each of the rows is 4 cm.

The block in which the anise basil is grown is 14.60 meters in length and 1.4 meters in width with a 4 cm space between the 3 rows. The block of cucumbers is divided into 6 rows with the length of each row being 10 meters and the width being0.5 meters. Each row rises to a height of about 1.5 cm and within the row the space between each cucumber clump is 0.5 cm. In the block of the long beans there are 6 rows with each row being 10 meters in length and 0.5 meters in width. Additionally the height of each row is 1.5 cm and space between each clump of long beans is 2 cm.

The nursery containing escarole, choy sum and lettuce is 14.60 meters x 13.50 meters and its roof has a height of 2 meters. There are two cement rings which also have a cement base that have been constructed for water storage. Each cement ring is 1 meter in height and 1 meter in diameter. Furthermore there is also one open well and a pond which provide water for domestic supply and the irrigation of crops.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

KHR

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

4000.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Dig open well	结构性的	During dry season
2.	Dig pond	结构性的	During dry season
3.	Plough the soil two times and dry the soil by sunlight	农业学的	After harvest
4.	Buy crop seeds	农业学的	At the beginning of soil preparation
5.	Prepare pipe lines into cement rings	结构性的	At the beginning of soil preparation
6.	Buy net to cover the roof of the nursery house	其它措施	At the beginning of soil preparation
7.	Buy materials such as spit, handled basket, hoe ect	其它措施	At the beginning of soil preparation

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Plough the soil for the first and second time	person-day	11.0	15000.0	165000.0	100.0
劳动力	Clear land for growing 11 different crops	person-day	15.0	15000.0	225000.0	100.0
劳动力	Dig the open well and put the cement ring	person-day	84.0	15000.0	1260000.0	100.0
劳动力	Dig pond	person-day	133.0	15000.0	1995000.0	100.0
设备	Bamboo sticks	Piece	50.0	1500.0	75000.0	100.0
设备	Hoe	Piece	2.0	17000.0	34000.0	100.0
设备	Spit	Piece	2.0	1300.0	2600.0	100.0
设备	Handle basket to carry soil	Pair	1.0	6000.0	6000.0	100.0
植物材料	Spring onion	Kilogram	10.0	1000.0	10000.0	100.0
植物材料	Bok choy	Can	12.0	1500.0	18000.0	100.0
植物材料	Escarole	Package	2.0	10000.0	20000.0	100.0
植物材料	Choy Sum	Can	5.0	1500.0	7500.0	100.0
植物材料	Anise basile	Package	1.0	15000.0	15000.0	100.0
植物材料	Mint	Kilogram	3.0	4000.0	12000.0	100.0
植物材料	Cambodian mint	Kilogram	2.0	2500.0	5000.0	100.0
植物材料	Long bean	Kilogram	1.0	60000.0	60000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Buy cow manure for the use of one year	Two wheel handle tractor	10.0	70000.0	700000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Buy chicken manure for the use of one year	Bag	20.0	4000.0	80000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Buy soil of termite mounds	Two wheel handle tractor	10.0	40000.0	400000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Buy botanical pesticides	Liter	6.0	4000.0	24000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Rice husk	Bag	30.0	1500.0	45000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Buy Bat manure for soil preparation	Bag	5.0	70000.0	350000.0	100.0
施工材料	Water Pumping Machine	Piece	2.0	880000.0	1760000.0	100.0
施工材料	Cement rings which also have a cement base that have been constructed for water storage to irrigate crops.	Piece	2.0	70000.0	140000.0	100.0
施工材料	Net for making the roof to prevent sunlight and water.	Set	2.0	220000.0	440000.0	100.0
其它	Cucumber	Can	1.0	40000.0	40000.0	100.0
其它	Lettuce	Package	5.0	15000.0	75000.0	100.0
其它	Bitter melon	Package	2.0	5000.0	10000.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					7974100.0

注释:

Generally, the rate for digging a pond in Cambodia is USD 50 per hour if the contractor does not obtain the soil, but if he does the cost of digging the pond will be less. Cost calculations of this technology are based on crop cycles (the average lifespan of crop being three months with a diversity of eleven crops). The farmer uses her own labor force to implement this technology without hiring any external labor. In reference to the costs indicated in the table above, there may be minor errors compared to the actual costs because the land user did not make exact records, and the costs that were provided are only estimates.

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Watering	农业学的	Two times per day or three times per day depend on the weather.
2.	Apply cow manure	农业学的	When dig the soil near the crop root.
3.	Apply bat manure	农业学的	When dig the soil near the crop root.
4.	Weeding	农业学的	Once a week
5.	Spraying pesticides	农业学的	When there is insects.

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	When weeding, dig the soil near the crop root and apply fertilizer for elevent diversify of crops.	Person-day	12.0	15000.0	180000.0	100.0
劳动力	Spray pesticides	Person-day	3.0	15000.0	45000.0	100.0
设备	Diesel	liter	10.0	3000.0	30000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Liquid fertilizer made of bat manure buying from fertilizer company.	liter	1.0	70000.0	70000.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					325000.0

注释:

The estimated maintenance costs base on one crop cycle of 3 months. It is not calculatee for the whole year. The land user does not hire wageworker as she is doing the work by herself and by the support of her husband.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Cow manure, chicken manure, rice husk, botanical pesticides has to be bought. Digging the pond and buying the water pumping machine are the most important factors affecting the costs. However these equipments are longlasting.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

PH=6

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

In this technology only two persons are involved in the technology (husband and wife). The interviewee is the wife is 50 years old. She finished grade 8.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 个人

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		减少	好
季节性温度	湿季/雨季	减少	好
季节性温度	旱季	增加	好
年降雨量		减少	好
季雨量	湿季/雨季	减少	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
流行病	适度
昆虫/蠕虫侵扰	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 10-50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

7 families

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Provides a daily income.
The quality of the soil is better through crop rotation and the exchange of crops in the rows. Additionally cow manure and soil from the termite mound can be used as fertilizer.
The actual work can be done by oneself which involves physical exercise and is good for one’s health.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Grow a diversity of crops which reduces the risk of production failure from damaging from insects, disease and market.
The farmer is able to generate a daily income, thereby improving her livelihood and it gives her the means to cope with her daily expenses.
Crop rotation could reduce soil degradation.
Reduces migration as now she has her own job and as this technology improves her livelihood.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
During some months it is not possible to grow herbage vegetables.	Can grow other crops such as anise basil.
She has to water the crops only by herself which is very exhausting	Must try harder.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Farmer spends a lot of time for watering the crops.	Could change and start using a sprinkler or drip irrigation system in order to reduce labor.
Must properly record expenses and income so as to verify the net income.	Provide training in recording income and expenses.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

CGIAR. (2017). Crop diversification strategies for Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from

URL:

https://ccafs.cgiar.org/blog/crop-diversification-strategies-cambodia-laos-and-vietnam#.Wi4Hu1WWbIU

标题/说明:

Makate, C., Wang, R., Makate, M., & Mango, N. (2016). Crop diversification and livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe: adaptive management for environmental change. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1135.Retrieved December 11, 2017, from

URL:

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2802-4

标题/说明:

MAFF. (2006). Technology stardardize: Home gardening. In Khmer. (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries). Phnom Penh. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from

URL:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3kkBprEzhDoMWtPeXZUNE4teTQ/preview

标题/说明:

MoEYS & VVOB Cambodia. (2013). Teaching Methodology for Agricultural Life Skills Education for Teacher Training Centers:Part 3 Organic gardening (1st editio). Phnom Penh: Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. Retrieved December 11, 2017, from

URL:

http://www.vvob.be/cambodia/sites/default/files/content_manual_part_3_organic_gardening.pdf