1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

People and Resource Dynamics Project, Nepal (PARDYP)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

District Soil Conservation Office (DSCO) - 尼泊尔

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - 尼泊尔

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Chittagong Hill Tracts Development Board (CHTDB) - 孟加拉国

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Einvironment & Development (G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Einvironment & Development) - 印度

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

CSKHPKV Palampur (CSKHPKV Palampur) - 印度

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

12/02/2003

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Integration of vegetative and structural measures for landslip, stream bank and gully stabilisation on hillsides.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

A combination of measures, implemented by a group of neighbouring families, is used to address landslips, gully formation and stream bank erosion problems in the middle hills of Nepal. All these processes affect the stability of adjacent agricultural land and cause problems downstream. Small-scale farming is dominant in the area surrounding the treated land - which theoretically belongs to the government but is used by these families.
This pilot technological package is proving suitable in Nepal for steep/very steep slopes under subhumid climates within an altitudinal range of 1,000-1,500 m a.s.l. This type of intervention, combined with the active involvement of stakeholders (who contribute three quarters of the cost), was recently introduced to Nepal under a watershed management programme, co-funded by the European Commission (see related approach ‘Integrated watershed management’).
Initially, ditches with bunds on the lower side are constructed along the contour. Within the gullies and along the stream banks, cement bags (filled with cement, brick chips, sand and/or earth) are placed to avoid deepening of the channel. Wattle fences, made from woven bamboo are also used as checks in the gullies. These structures are complemented by vegetative measures: Nepalese alder (Alnus nepalensis), bamboo (Dendrocalamus sp.), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), and broom grass (Thyosonaelana maxima) are planted. These species establish quickly in degraded sites and also control erosion, stabilise land and serve as cash crops, and for fodder, fuelwood and timber. Alder (locally called utis) is a nitrogen-fixing multipurpose tree which helps restore soil fertility.
Farmers can get economic benefits within a few years from these plants. Another advantage of this package is that the vegetative resources needed are locally available and cheap. Furthermore farmers already know how to propagate them. Maintenance costs are negligible. Once established, the stabilised and revegetated sites provide improved environments for birds and insects – thus favouring biodiversity - and they help protect natural springs. In this case study, the economic returns from the cash crops mainly go to one family. Another few families also utilise this site, extracting common products (fodder, litter, timber) for domestic use. Additionally, the location is regularly used as an unofficial demonstration site, being visited by various people (farmers, SWC specialists) interested in the technology. This represents an indirect benefit to a larger number of people and strengthens institutions at household and community levels.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): - concentrated runoff from upstream agricultural areas
- landslides, gullies and stream bank erosion
- gullies back-cutting into fertile agricultural land and threatening irrigation canals and homesteads

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Landslide and gully erosion due to poor vegetative cover (steepness and lack of effective drainage/ diversion system).

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Mixed: Ma: Agro-silvopastoralism

Constraints of wastelands (degraded shrubland) (before SWC) (degraded , no annual crops, occasionally grazed)

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 180 Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Nov

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 横坡措施
• 减少基于生态系统的灾害风险

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 0.1-1 平方千米

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.14 km2.

The Approach covered a bigger area. This is just one example.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of knowledge)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

Secondary goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Land slip and stream bank
protection: an overview of the
multiple and integrated vegetative
and structural measures: cut-off drain
1. landslip area
2. banana trees
3. alder trees
4. bamboo wattle fences
5. cardamom
6. planting bamboo
7. cement bag check dams
8. broom grass
9. cutting bamboo
10. stream bank
11. agricultural fi elds in a fl at area
Insert 1: Bamboo wattle fence
combined with retention ditch and
grassed bund to stabilise steep slopes and gullies.
Insert 2: Old cement bags fi lled to
form checks in gullies

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil

Secondary technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert, increase of infiltration, introduction of cash crop

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, F : fruit trees / shrubs, C : perennial crops, G : grass
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2 m

Trees/ shrubs species: Alnus nepalenses

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Dendrocalamus sp.

Perennial crops species: Large cardamom

Grass species: Broom grass

Diversion ditch/ drainage
Spacing between structures (m): 10 m
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.25 m
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.1 m
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 10 m

Terrace: forward sloping
Spacing between structures (m): 10 m

Structural measure: sediment sand / trap
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1-4 m
Spacing between structures (m): 0.3 m
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3-4 m
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.8 m

Structural measure: cement bags

Structural measure: wattle fences

Construction material (concrete): Sand/cement .

Construction material (other): Bamboo culm cutting (1.5 m long)

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 100%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 15%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Preparing site for implementation of vegetative measures	植物性的	June
2.	Planting of alder (Alnus nepalensis,), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum),	植物性的	July - August
3.	Watering of new plants using buckets	植物性的	Mar- May (1st year)
4.	Application of farmyard manure at time of planting	植物性的	Time of planting and every December
5.	Weeding	植物性的	January
6.	Earthing up new plants with soil	植物性的	January
7.	Construction of contour bunds and ditches	结构性的	January–April
8.	Stabilisation of slopes using bamboo wattle fences, and gullies using the check dams	结构性的
9.	Gully stabilisation as walls of cement bags are placed across the gullies and along stream banks	结构性的	June
10.	Preparing the site for planting	结构性的	June

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Stabilisation of gully and vegetative measures	Persons/day	1567.0	1.35	2115.45	75.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	55.0	55.0	100.0
设备	Empty cement bags	pieces	600.0	0.0166666	10.0
植物材料	Bamboo cuttings	pieces	600.0	0.9416666	565.0	50.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Compost / manure	ha	1.0	10.0	10.0	10.0
施工材料	Cement bags filled	pieces	30.0	4.166666	125.0
施工材料	Alder saplings	pieces	2500.0	0.016	40.0	100.0
施工材料	Seedlings cardamon	pieces	400.0	0.0125	5.0
技术建立所需总成本					2925.45

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

By different stakeholders

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Apply farmyard manure	植物性的	January /1
2.	Weed	植物性的	January /1
3.	Prepare land for further planting of large cardamom and broom grass	植物性的	March-April /1
4.	Thin cardamom, bamboo, alder, broom grass with a knife:	植物性的	May,June /1
5.	Replant cardamom, broom grass, bamboo that did not establish	植物性的	June,July /1
6.	Earth up	植物性的	Aug-Sep and January /1
7.	Prune alders	植物性的	December.,January /1

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Maintaining plants	Persons/day	41.0	1.35	55.35	100.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	10.0	10.0	100.0
植物材料	Compost / manure	ha	1.0	5.0	5.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					70.35

注释:

Machinery/ tools: Activities are carried out manually using local and traditional tools:

The costs (per ha) are calculated for the entire SWC site (consisting of 1.4 ha) including all establishment and maintenance inputs. Labour costs: information based on oral information by farmer. Estimate was approx. 3 people per working day over 2 years.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

labour is the major input.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Slopes on average: Also hilly

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is low (sandy) - medium (loam)

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is low

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

2% of the land users are very rich and own 40% of the land.
5% of the land users are rich and own 30% of the land.
85% of the land users are average wealthy and own 15% of the land.
3% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.
3% of the land users are poor and own 5% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: Off-farm activities: occasionally teaching at farmer's school; selling non-timber forest products on the market; some people workin markets/shops/onconstruction, sites, and similar ..

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	不好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 大于 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

38 households in an area of 1.4 ha

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 50-90%

注释:

47% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

18 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

53% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

20 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: estimates by the authors, based on the past trends of adoption.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Family members have learnt the technology. it is easy to replicate. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Provide training and schooling to farmers to spread this information to others (eg through village initiatives supported by government).
Better environment, increased biodiversity How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above
Soil and water conservation How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above
Fresh products, health benefits from cardamom How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above
Income generation from cash cropping of cardamom, bamboo, broom grass) How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The technology requires resources which are largely locally available and of low costs. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Raise awareness that landslide threatened stream banks and steep slops can be protected using local resources.
Technology addresses livelihood constraints How can they be sustained / enhanced? Raise awareness that the technology is profitable.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The technology is adopted more by better ressourced farmers	Government programmes should seek to involve poor farmers in land development with incentives for adopting recommennded technologies
Establishment costs are high	Subsidise the cost (extension service, projects), reduce establishment costs by designing alternative structural measures without use of cement.
Socio-economic conflicts can arise when the value of land is raised	Take equity issues into account when implementing such a programme, and spread the benefits.
Establishment is very labour intensive.

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

IBIWMP (2003) Engineering Field Manual. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal, Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Programme,Bagmati Integrated Watershed Management

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Howell, J. (ed) (1999) Roadside Bio-engineering Reference Manual. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal, Department of Roads