1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

District Soil Conservation Office (DSCO) - 尼泊尔

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - 尼泊尔

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

01/11/2003

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Level bench terraces with risers protected by fodder grasses, used for the irrigated production of rice, potatoes and wheat

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The level bench terrace is a traditional technology that makes irrigated crop production possible on steep, erosion prone slopes. The majority of such terraces in Nepal were constructed by hand many generations ago, but some new land - mostly already under rainfed cultivation on forward sloping terraces - is still being converted into irrigated terraces. The initial costs for the construction of the terraces are extremely high – and annual maintenance costs are considerable also. The climate is humid subtropical, slopes are steep (30%-60%) and soils generally have a sandy loam texture. Terraces are cropped by farmers who mostly have less than 0.5 ha of land each.
Two to three annual crops are grown per year starting with paddy rice during the monsoon, followed by potatoes and/or wheat.
While terrace beds are usually 2–6 m in width, to save labour they are made as wide as they can be without increasing the danger of slips/land slides. Surveying was traditionally done by eye, but now a water-tube level may be used. Risers are 0.8-1.5 m high with a small lip (20-25 cm). The slope of the riser varies from 80 to 160%, depending on the initial gradient of the hill. Stones are incorporated in the risers if available, and grass species such as bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) and napier (Pennisetum purpureum) may be planted for stabilisation and as cattle fodder. The risers are compacted (with hoes) to improve ponding conditions for the paddy rice. Twice per year the risers are scraped with a special tool: (1) at the time of land preparation for paddy rice the lower part of riser is sliced, but the upper part is left protected with grasses against the monsoon rains; (2) at the time of wheat planting the whole riser (including the lip) is scraped and spread as green manure on the terrace.
Terraces are flooded with water for paddy rice cultivation: a smaller amount of water is diverted into the fields for other crops. Excess water is drained to the lower terrace by openings in the lip, which are filled with rice straw in order to filter out sediments. The depth of water for rice - when flooded completely - is normally between 10 and 15 cm. Fertility is maintained by addition of farmyard manure, spreading the scraped soil from the riser, and also through sediment carried in the irrigation water. Nowadays, mineral fertilizers are also applied.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): - steep slopes, not suitable for agriculture in their original state (better for forestry, agroforestry, horticulture, and fruit
trees)
- small and scattered plots of land
- land users find chemical fertilizers and water expensive
- there is water scarcity from September to May and too much rain in the monsoon period (June to August) with the danger of erosion and collapse of the terraces

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 150 Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Oct Second longest growing period in days: 120 Second longest growing period from month to month: Nov - Feb

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 横坡措施

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 0.1-1 平方千米

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 1 sq km2.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures, structural measures

Type of agronomic measures: manure / compost / residues, mineral (inorganic) fertilizers

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Wm: mass movements / landslides

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Layout of irrigated terraces. Openings in the lips drain excess water, grass cover stabilises lips and risers (right). After harvesting of rice, the grass is scraped off the lower part of the risers (left) and spread on the terrace beds

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Main technical functions: reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, increase / maintain water stored in soil, control of dispersed and concentrated runoff, increase in soil fertility

Secondary technical functions: improvement of ground cover, water harvesting / increase water supply, water spreading

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: green/farmyard manure

Vegetative measure: fodder grass at risers

Terrace
Material: earth

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Planting grasses including bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon).	植物性的	during monsoon
2.	Construct bunds (risers) with soil from upper and lower sides	结构性的	before monsoon
3.	Level terrace beds (soil moved from upper to lower part of terraces).	结构性的	before monsoon
4.	Make lips on edges of terraces	结构性的	before monsoon
5.	Compact risers	结构性的	before monsoon
6.	Construct irrigation canal	结构性的	before monsoon
7.	Make openings in lips for drainage of excess water	结构性的	before monsoon
8.	Test-irrigate terrace for accurate levelling	结构性的	during monsoon
9.	Plant grasses including Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon)	结构性的	during monsoon
10.	After 2–3 years: some narrow terraces may be merged to form single, wider terraces	结构性的	during monsoon

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Flood the paddy fields ..	农业学的	(June/July) / Repeated 3–4 times during
2.	Slice/scrape grass and soil on lower part of risers and spread on terraces	农业学的	(when flooded, June/July) /
3.	Plant rice and apply mineral fertilizer	农业学的	(June/July). /
4.	Harvest rice	农业学的	(October) /
5.	Apply manure (cattle manure), after rice harvest	农业学的	(October). /
6.	Slice/scrape grass and soil from whole of risers and spread on terraces; repairsmall collapses/slumps in risers	农业学的	(October/November) /
7.	Pprepare land	农业学的	(November) /
8.	Apply mineral fertilizer	农业学的	(November/December). /
9.	Irrigate	农业学的	Nov. / repeated several times during cultivation
10.	Harvest of potato/wheat	农业学的	(January-March). /
11.	Planting of rice	植物性的	June,July /
12.	planting of potatoes, wheat	植物性的	November /
13.	Repair of small collapses/slumps in risers.	结构性的	(Oct./Nov.)/

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	350.0	350.0	100.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	5.0	5.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Fertilizer	ha	1.0	185.0	185.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Compost/manure	ha	1.0	300.0	300.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					840.0

注释:

Machinery/ tools: hoe, spade, baskets, (doko), special tool for scraping

Current establishment costs are very difficult to determine since the majority of the traditional terraces were
established a long time ago. Costs depend closely on the present state of the land (forward sloping terraces or uncultivated) and the need for irrigation canals. Farmers say that construction now could cost up to US$ 10,000 per ha if carried out by hand at full labour cost. The cost given for maintening the terraces (approx. US$ 840 per ha) includes all associated annual crop production costs. In this case study, 100% of the construction costs were borne by land users.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is good because of the geology and soil texture (loam)

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Off-farm income specification: hired labour (on other farmers’ fields) or as porters

Market orientation of production system: Subsistence (rice/wheat) and commercial (potatoes)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

注释:

Land use rights: leased (90% of farmers), individual (10%)

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

减少气候和灾害风险

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	不好
局地风暴	不好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	不好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	不好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Income and production increased How can they be sustained / enhanced? Proper management of the terraces (including all maintenance activities)
Easier to cultivate flat terraces/less labour required (after establishment of terraces)
Work sharing: traditional terraces are part of a long tradition of work sharing within the community with no external labourneeded How can they be sustained / enhanced? Prevent loss of well established traditions and norms
Technology is easy to understand/apply. Increased opportunities for irrigation facilities: farmers without level terraces are not allowed (by the irrigation committee at village level) or do not claim irrigation water
The irrigation element of this technology fosters social bonds within the community How can they be sustained / enhanced? Prevent loss of well established norms and traditions.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Decreased grass production (grazing area reduced)	Promote planting of high value grass species on risers (such as bermuda grass).
The farmers believe that the terraces are too narrow (for efficient use of tractors); they would like to have wider terraces	Investigate possibilities of constructing wider paddy rice terraces on steep slopes, which, according to present experience, is not possible.
High labour costs for establishment.

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

There is considerable literature on the construction and maintenance of irrigated terraces in general, but no references thatspecifically describe the traditional paddy rice terraces in Nepal