1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

HELVETAS (Swiss Intercooperation)

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

A traditional underground water tank carved out of rocks to collect rainfall and snow water and reduce evaporation losses.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Kanda is an indigenous technology for collecting rain and snow melt. The technology comprises an underground tank carved out of rock (limestone), channels to convey the runoff into the underground tank or kanda and a rocky catchment from where runoff is collected. Kanda technology is applied in Afghanistan in many places, particularly in areas which experience scarcity of water for human beings, livestock and irrigation.

Purpose of the Technology: Due to high evaporation rates and low precipitation, harvesting runoff in open tanks is not an efficient way of water harvesting. HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation is implementing community based watershed management projects in Kahmard district of Bamyan province (Afghanistan) since 2008 with financial support from the International Swiss Re Award for sustainable watershed management (2009) and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). One of the activities for sustainable watershed management is plantation of fruit and non-fruit trees in the selected watersheds (upland areas) which were used for grazing and extraction of vegetation for domestic use. Due to water scarcity in the upland areas, irrigation of the planted saplings becomes very difficult and water has to be transported on donkey from far locations. To overcome this constraint, Kanda was identified as the most potent technology for harvesting runoff and snow melt.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: For constructing Kandas, Kanda makers from Dara-e Suf district in Samangan province had to employed as there are no experts in Kahmard. Based on feasibility studies, eight kandas have been constructed including 4 kandas in Sourakhak wa-tershed and 4 in Baqa Kushta watershed. The size of each kanda is 6 m length, 6 m in width and 3 m in height. To convey the runoff into the tank, 10-20 m long graded channels were carved out of the rocks. The establishment cost of one Kan-da was approximately US$ 7163. Kanda making requires special skills, especially when it is carved out of rocks. A kanda maker has sound understanding of the area’s geology, and this wisdom is gained through learning by doing and ances-tors.. In Kahmard, 2-3 experts worked for 4-5 months for one Kanda.

Natural / human environment: In 2012, due to sufficient rains, 2 Kandas which did not have leakage problems in Sourakhak watershed got full with runoff water, which was then used for irrigating 6500 saplings seven times during the year. Kahmard district has a semi-arid cli-mate. Some years are dry with rainfall of about 190 mm. Considering this context, it becomes very necessary to tap rainwater, especially in the rainfed uplands, and use it for irrigating saplings or for livestock.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Kanda technology is an age old water harvesting traditional technology.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• access to water

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Scarcity of water in the upland makes plantation activities and livestock productivity difficult. Carrying water from far places for irrigating plants is an expensive activity.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Degraded upland watershed resulting severe flash flood.

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, fruits and nuts, grazing / browsing, nature conservation / protection, protection against natural hazards

Other forest products and services: flash flood

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Grazing land: Gi: Intensive grazing/ fodder production

Longest growing period in days: 90; Longest growing period from month to month: March-July

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 集水

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Specification of other structural measures: Under ground cistern

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Main causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Bush collection for fire wood), overgrazing (By sheep and goets), droughts (Natural climate phenomenon), land tenure (Common land without good management), poverty / wealth, governance / institutional (Lack of organizationals for organization for supporting management of common resources.)

Secondary causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Rainfed agriculture), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Change in climate patterns), population pressure (Fast increasing population which depands on natural resources for livelihoods), war and conflicts (Leading to uncontrolled cutting down of trees and shrubes)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	kanda	1.0	5640.0	5640.0	15.0
设备	Equipement	kanda	1.0	458.0	458.0
施工材料	Materials	kanda	1.0	1065.0	1065.0	8.0
技术建立所需总成本					7163.0
技术建立总成本，美元					7163.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 0 month(s)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Cleaning of the canals and Kanda	once/year

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Cleaning of the canals and Kanda	persons/day/kanda	2.0	5.0	10.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					10.0
技术维护总成本，美元					10.0

注释:

The kanda is for water collection which runoff and snow melt. The usage of water for sapling irrigation because there is upland and no water resources.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: Because there is fully of rocks.

Soil texture: Mostly rocky

Topsoil organic matter: Because there is erosion

Soil fertility is low (Loss by wind and water erosion)

Soil drainage / infiltration is poor because there is fully of rock

Soil water storage capacity because of rocky catchment

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Because there is to much workload

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

10% of the land users are rich.
40% of the land users are average wealthy.
50% of the land users are poor.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

This technology is very positive and useful for land users and collected the water for irrigation and livestock.

6.5 技术采用

注释:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: It is an indigenous technology applied in many other districts of Afghanistan in Dara-e Suf and Ruy-i Doab districts of Samangan province by several families either collectively or privately without external support. In Dare-e Suf are not constructed inside of rocks but in soil.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The technology supports plantation activities in sites which are far from perennial water sources How can they be sustained / enhanced? The collected water should be used efficiently during irrigation by combining with conservation measures like mulching, drip or pitcher irrigation
As the kanda catchment is rocky, infiltration losses are minimized and most of the surface runoff is harvested How can they be sustained / enhanced? The channel must be constructed properly so that all runoff is trapped and conveyed to the Kanda.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
An indigenous multipurpose technology How can they be sustained / enhanced? Kanda size can be improved if the catchment area and precipitation amount are considered. This also depends on availability of long-term rainfall data.
Requires minimum maintenance when constructed properly How can they be sustained / enhanced? Kanda, conveyance canals, sediment pits and catchment areas should be cleaned. If any leakages occur in the tank, they should be sealed.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Due to a lack of geological and hydro-meteorological information, it is not possible to prepare precise and cost-effective kanda proposals	Make best use of traditional wisdom, install hydro-met stations if possible and make adjustments based on regular monitoring.
If the kanda and sediment trap tanks are not cleaned regularly and the kanda opening is not covered, sedimentation can be problem leading to reduced Kanda capacity and also animals could fall	Cleaning and maintenance works must be carried out by the local people every year before spring rains. The openings must be covered.
Due to availability of water, there can be grazing pressure near the Kanda	Watershed committee members and guards should ensure that the site is protected from over grazing. Construct Kandas outside the selected watershed for livestock purposes.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Establishment cost is high if the catchment is rocky	Needs external support during the establishment phase
Lack of kanda makers in some districts like Kahmard	Get kanda makers from other districts and build capacities of interested local people.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

URL:

www.wocat.net(Online Technology Database)