1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

University of Botswana (University of Botswana) - 博茨瓦纳

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

To conserve/sustain rangeland through controlled grazing of wildlife enterprise

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

This is a community project that proposesto farm wildlife in a ranch. The community will seek the land through the Land-board authorities. Department of wildlife (which is incharge of wildlife) will be consulted on animal species to ranch or to bring in. The main inputs will include fencing the ranch, water provision and labour to run the enterprise (a to be incurred by the community). The proposal has to be approved by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks who are incharge of all wildlife in the country. This will be done after the Rang Ecologists have surveyed the vegetation of the area; its suitability for game ranching. The purpose of this technology is to utilize some of the the available resources in the area so as to reduce poverty among the community members through returns gained from the enterprise and to conserve rangeland because wildlife species are more efficient users of semi - arid ecosystems. The community will seek land for game ranching from the land-board. Fencing is a pre-requisit in game faming for the purpose of rangeland conservation through controlled grazing. Water provision is also anecessity of which whould be well distributed within the ranch. Local wildlife species will be used to stock the ranch and if necessary some may be brought in from elsewhere. All the expenses will be the responsibility of the community. Day to day work in the ranch will be done by the community while technical advise will be provided by relevant expertise. Thetechnical knowledge from the community is very limited or low, professional advice would be needed time and again. The SLM technology is located on the fringes of the Makgadikgadi Salt Panswhich are prone to salty water, dusty locations because of bare ground and very fine soils. The community is of rural type where livilihoods are subsistence farming. The community is oriented more to livestock farming than to crop farming. Rangeland degradation is evident in the regionbecause of overstocking. Rainfall in the area is unpredictable and erratic with a mean of 450 - 500 mm per annum

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

注释（项目类型等）:

This area is traditionally a wildlife area, and these people have been living with wild animals and hunting to supplement their food for many years

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农牧业（包括农牧结合）

注释:

Major cash crops: Sorghum, beans, melons, sweet- reeds
Major food crop: Sorghum, maize, beans, Bambara beans
Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Communal land use with limited management. Saline water, droughts, overgrazing by livestock
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Low formal education among members of the community

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: With permanent place of residence

Ranching: Fenced grazing area with water borehole

Grazingland comments: Residents have cattle posts, crop-land and residential homes and move to these places each time. Game ranching is not applied in the Boteti area at the moment

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Mixed cropping is traditional practice but government extension advise promote monocropping of which the majority find expensive and risky

Livestock is grazing on crop residues

Livestock density: 1-10 LU /km2

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 区域封闭（停止使用，支持恢复）

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Secondary measures: management measures

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Et: loss of topsoil

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Main causes of degradation: overgrazing, land tenure (Communal grazing land)

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, poverty / wealth (limited employment and income generating employment activities), population density (more animinals - overgrazing)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Pula

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

7.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Fencing Material	1
2.	Construction of Fences	1
3.	Borehole drilling (water source)	1
4.	Handling facilities	1

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour		1.0	4.29	4.29
施工材料	Fencing material		1.0	3883.0	3883.0
其它	Borehole		1.0	12.36	12.36
技术建立所需总成本					3899.65
技术建立总成本，美元					557.09

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 9 month(s)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Labour looking after the ranch	Permanently based at ranch
2.	Engine fuel	2,000 litres per year
3.	Borehole maintenance	once per year
4.	Fence Maintenance	once in 10 years

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour		1.0	2.51	2.51
施工材料	Fencing material		1.0	158.0	158.0
其它	Borehole		1.0	0.54	0.54
技术维护所需总成本					161.05
技术维护总成本，美元					23.01

注释:

Calculations are based on a Game Ranch of 6 km x 6 km or 3600 hactres

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Labour and Fencing material affected the cost of the ranch

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: 501-1000 m a.s.l. (Part of Makgadikgadi Basin)
Landforms: Plateau/plains (Flat plains with pans)
Slopes on average: Flat (ranked 1, low to flat land dominated by pans) and gentle (ranked 2, gentle topography (plains))

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: Deep (ranked 1, sandy areas away from pans) and very shallow (ranked 2, cacareous - generally soils - about 40cm deep)
Soil texture: Coarse/light (ranked 1, away from depressions or pans - bacground soils) and fine/heavy (ranked 2, found in depressions)
Soil fertility: Very low (ranked 1, sandy soils - Arenosols) and medium (ranked 2, molapo farming - farming on flood plains)
Topsoil organic matter: Low (ranked 1, sandy areas are low in OM) and medium (ranked 2, flood plains - farming area)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Good (ranked 1, sandy soils are good in drainage) and medium (ranked 2, flood areas are medium)
Soil water storage capacity: Very low (ranked 1, sandy areas are low) and medium (ranked 2, flood areas)

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Ground water table: > 50 m (ranked 1, boreholes) and 5-50 m (ranked 2, and dug Wells)
Availability of surface water: Poor/none (unreliable river flow. Available from pans during rainy sesons)
Water quality (untreated): Poor drinking water (treatment required, salty water in most areas)

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Biodiversity:
Low (ranked 1, low in communal grazing rangeland)
High (ranked 2, protected areas - game reserves)

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: < 10 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
30% of the land users are very rich and own 20% of the land (Cattle ranchers).
60% of the land users are average wealthy and own 30% of the land (Average farmes).
10% of the land users are poor and own 50% of the land (Subsistance farmers).
Off-farm income specification: Income opportunities for everyone in the area
Level of mechanization: Animal traction (ranked 1, draft animals such as oxen and donkeys) and mechanised (ranked 2, tractors)
Market orientation of production system: subsistence (self-supply), mixed (subsistence/ commercial), commercial/ market (tourism)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄
• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 自由进入（无组织）
• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）
• 个人

注释:

Land is open access for use. Some individual own water wells. Dual grazing rights for private ranchers

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	不好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	好

注释:

Drought/long dry spells are very risky to the survival of game animals because of decreased forage production and drinking water. Therefore, flexiblestockng rates and water sources are needed

6.4 成本效益分析

注释:

Project not yet started, but once established the project can run and maintain itself

6.5 技术采用

注释:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: All interested persons are whle heartedly wishing to have a ranchto farm wildlife. Problem is that the venture costs a lot of funds

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Project not yet started

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: This is the technology that rated at the top of the list. The community is really interested and want to do the project, but unfortunately funds do not permit

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Need more land How can they be sustained / enhanced? Need a sponsor to establish the ranch
Need hands from the government
To stock more diverse animal species How can they be sustained / enhanced? Supplement animals with hay and fodder

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Technology can enhence the livilihoods of the community How can they be sustained / enhanced? Addition of extra animal species to attract the tourists
Less management compared to livestock production How can they be sustained / enhanced? Good management
Wildlife is more adapted to the grazing conditions
Returns from the enterprise is faster How can they be sustained / enhanced? Good management and commitment

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Secure land from land-board authorities	Community project given preference
Wildlife and livestock competition/conflict for grazing areas	Some mediation needed from authority - compromise
Predators

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Very expensive to extablish a game ranch	Source for a sponsor
Productivity of the area is low (13 - 16 ha per livestock unit)	More land needed to stock more animals
Poor plant diversity	Land rehabilitation through use of correct stocking rate
Predator problem
Conflict between wildlife and livestock production

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Wire Fences: VanRooyen, JB Du Toit & Van Rooyen. 2001

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Book available in Web

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Overview of Game Ranching in Southern Africa: D. Grossman and PL Holden

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Report

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Upfront cost of Game ranching

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Book available in Web