1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Minimum tillage and direct planting are two conservation agriculture practices which basically consist of leaving crop residues on the soil surface without burning and subsequent planting through the mulch.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The traditional slash-and-burn land use system in the case study area – involving clearing natural vegetation followed by 2-5 years of cropping – has become unsustainable as land pressure has greatly increased, shortening fallow periods. Under the SLM practice of ‘minimum tillage and direct planting’, land is prepared by slashing the existing vegetation and allowing regrowth up to 30 cm height. A glyphosate-based round-up herbicide (Round-up, Chemosate or Helosate) is sprayed with a knapsack fitted with a low-volume nozzle. The residue is left on the soil surface without burning. After 7–10 days, direct planting is carried out in rows through the mulch. Maize is the main crop planted under this system. Planting is practiced manually using a planting stick.

Purpose of the Technology: The mulch layer has several important functions: it helps to increase and maintain water stored in the soil, reduces soil erosion, contributes to improve soil fertility (after crop residues have decomposed in subsequent seasons) and it efficiently controls weeds by hindering their growth and preventing weeds from producing seeds. The use of herbicides requires adequate knowledge. An even better option is to introduce multipurpose cover crops to control weed populations, improve soil fertility, and enhance yields while diversifying crop production and thus reducing dependence on the use of herbicides. Labour inputs for land preparation and weeding is considerably decreased under conservation agriculture. Women benefit most from the workload reduction since these time-consuming activities are their task. For men, the new technology usually means heavier work, especially during the 1st year, since they have to plant through the mulch. Using a jab planter makes the work easier

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Minimum tillage and direct planting includes the following recurrent activities: 1. Initial land clearing: slash existing vegetation and allow regrowth (up to 30 cm); before onset of rains season.
2. Spraying of pre-emergence herbicide; 300 ml (2 sachets) for every 15 litres water for annual weeds; 450 ml (3 sachets) for every 15 litres water for perennial weeds.
3. Leave residues on the soil surface without burning.
4. Planting through the mulch.
5. Spraying post-emergence herbicide; after regrowth of weeds (7-10 days after planting).
6. Harvesting.
All activities are carried out manually (each cropping season) using jap planter (or a planting stick) and knapsack sprayers.

Natural / human environment: Both case study areas fall within the wet semi-equatorial zone of Ghana with a mean monthly temperature of between 23 °C and 33 °C (SDA 1995). Rainfall is bimodal in both districts with a peak rainy season from the end of March to July and again from September to November, after a short dry spell in August. In general soil characteristics in the study areas vary from well drained with high organic matter content in the forest area, to poorly drained with low organic matter content in the savannah belt.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

加纳

区域/州/省:

Brong Ahafo Region

有关地点的进一步说明:

Sunyani and Atwima district

Map

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2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

注释（项目类型等）:

early 1990s

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

• 一年一作

年作 - 具体指明作物:

• 谷物类 - 玉米

注释:

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Fertility decline and reduced organic matter, water erosion, destruction of vegetation trough fires

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 最小的土壤扰动

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

农艺措施

• A1：植被和土壤覆盖层

管理措施

• M2：改变管理/强度级别

注释:

Main measures: agronomic measures

Secondary measures: management measures

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

• Wt：表土流失/地表侵蚀

化学性土壤退化

• Cn：肥力下降和有机质含量下降（非侵蚀所致）

生物性退化

• Bq：数量/生物量减少
• Bf：火灾的有害影响

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Bq: quantity / biomass decline, Bf: detrimental effects of fires

Main causes of degradation: soil management, population pressure, land tenure

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范（与技术图纸相关）:

Residue management on a field with mature maize plants

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase / maintain water stored in soil

作者:

Souroudjaye Adjimon, Volta Environmental Conservation Organization, Ghana

4.3 技术建立活动

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

注释:

Remarks: Input costs include Jab planter US$ 20; herbicides US$ 5-6/liter. A knapsack costs US$ 50, which not affordable for small-scale farmers (they have to get organised in groups, or hire spraying gangs). Comparing to the traditional slash-and-burn system, Minimum tillage and direct planting has increased inputs costs but reduced labour costs and higher yields, which makes the conversion profitable!

4.5 维护/经常性活动

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

Machinery/ tools: jap planter, knapsack sprayer

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Costs for herbicides and spraying equipment are the most determinant factor affecting the costs. Comparing to the traditional slash-and-burn system, Minimum tillage and direct planting has increased inputs costs but reduced labour costs and higher yields, which makes the conversion profitable!

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: 101-500 m a.s.l. (220-380 m a.s.l.)

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Topsoil organic matter: High (forest area) and low (savannah area)
Soil drainage/infiltration: High (forest area) and low (savannah area)

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2

100% of the land users are poor.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

气候灾害

水文灾害

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

注释:

The technology is tolerant to climatic extremes, contrary to the traditional slash-and-burn practice

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

193 households and 100% of the area covered

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 11-50%

注释:

88% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

170 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

12% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

23 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: 30% of farmers ceased conservation farming practices after termination of projects input. 21 communities with 193 farmers (125 male, 68 female) apply the technology in the case study area (totally 2845 km2). Around 88% accepted the technology receiving incentives. There is little trend towards spontaneous adoption (through cross farmer visits); 30% of farmers ceased conservation farming practices after termination of projects input

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Boahen P, B.A. Dartey, G.D. Dogbe, E. A. Boadi, B. Triomphe, S. Daamgard-Larsen, J. Ashburner. 2007. Conservation agriculture as practised in Ghana. Nairobi. African Conservation Tillage Network. FAO.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

FAO