1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

Rural development programme in the Veneto region [意大利]

Developing rural areas in the Veneto region through sustainable land management policies

• 编制者： Nicola Dal Ferro
• 04/22/2015 midnight

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Maintenance of continuous soil cover; alternating crops and cover crops as a practice to improve soil quality and reduce diffuse agricultural water pollution

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Continuous soil cover on croplands in the Veneto region is characterised by growing seasonal cover crops alternated to the main crop. Continuous cover cropping has been promoted as an agri-environmental measure of the Rural Development Programme (RDP) by Veneto region to extend sustainable land management and reduce diffuse water pollution. Indeed cover crops incorporate available inorganic N that remains within the soil after harvest and reduce water erosion. The type of crop species depends on the crop succession.

Purpose of the Technology: Cover crops have been proposed to the farmers with the aim of reducing environmental impacts of traditional agricultural practices. Compared with systems that does not use cover crops, the continuous soil cover provides long-term agronomical and environmental benefits due to a reduction of negative impacts on agro-ecosystems.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The application of cover crops involves the alternation of autumn-winter cereals, rapeseed or other herbaceous crops with maize, soybean, sorghum etc. Cover crops that are sown after the main culture are neither fertilized nor treated with pesticides during growing, while at the end of the crop cycle they are buried as green manure in order to improve soil organic matter content, nutrient cycle and finally soil fertility.

Natural / human environment: Growing seasonal cover crops between annual crops have the potential to provide multiple benefits in a cropping system. Cover crops prevent water erosion and pollution as well as increase soil physical properties. Due to the effect of green manure and root growth, cover crops supply nutrients and increase soil organic matter content. They improve soil biodiversity and break pest cycles.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

• 一年一作

年作 - 具体指明作物:

• 谷类 - 大麦
• 谷类 - 黑麦
• 谷类 - 高粱
• 豆科牧草和豆类 - 豆子
• 豆科牧草和豆类 - 豌豆

• Vetch (Fabacae)

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 210 Longest growing period from month to month: March to SeptemberSecond longest growing period in days: 180

注释:

Main crops : e.g. barley and vetch, ryegrass, sorghum

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soils in the low Venetian plain of the Veneto region generally suffer from a loss of soil organic matter (SOM) that is strongly affected by their natural texture and climatic conditions. Moreover, in the last 50 years intensive tillage practices contributed to a further SOM decrease, estimated at 0.02-0.58 t/ha/y of carbon. Finally, high intensive agriculture practices increased nonpoint source pollution and in turn caused a decline of surface and groundwater quality.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): To date, few farmers have adopted voluntarily the continuous soil cover to reduce a decline of soil fertility and water quality, symptom of poor perception of the problem. Adoption of SLT by farmers was sustained only by means of regional subsidies.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

Water supply: Also rainfed, full irrigation

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

农艺措施

• A1：植被和土壤覆盖层

注释:

Main measures: agronomic measures

Type of agronomic measures: cover cropping, green manure

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

• Wt：表土流失/地表侵蚀

化学性土壤退化

• Cn：肥力下降和有机质含量下降（非侵蚀所致）

生物性退化

• Bc：植被覆盖的减少
• Bp：害虫/疾病增加，捕食者减少

水质恶化

• Hp：地表水水质下降

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Hp: decline of surface water quality

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Bp: increase of pests / diseases, loss of predators

Main causes of degradation: soil management (lack of organic input with fertilizations), population pressure (high population density and competition for land)

Secondary causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (crop monoculture instead of crop rotation)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范（与技术图纸相关）:

Continuous soil cover is here carried out with direct sowing of ryegrass on a sorghum field. Sorghum was in turn used as cover crop after harvesting of winter wheat.

Location: Low Venetian plain of Veneto region

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, improvement of ground cover, increase of surface roughness, improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Cover cropping
Material/ species: e.g. barley and vetch, ryegrass, sorghum
Quantity/ density: 35 kg/ha

Green manure
Material/ species: e.g. sudan grass
Quantity/ density: 1.5-6 t/ha
Remarks: Strongly dependant on: 1) type of cover crop; 2) differentiation between summer and winter c.c.

作者:

Nicola Dal Ferro

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Euro €

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

0.8

4.3 技术建立活动

注释:

No initial investment needed

4.5 维护/经常性活动

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Although machinery costs are the largest part of total ones, they are almost completely the same for systems adopting - or non adopting - the technology. As a result, additional seeds as cover crop and field labour for sowing are the main costs for implementation of the technology.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is low-medium
Soil drainage/infiltration is medium
Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Ground water table: <5m (The area surrounding the Venice lagoon (1240 km2) is even below the sea level (down to -2 m) and currently cultivated due to land reclamation. As a result water table is kept artificially low)
Water quality (untreated) is good drinking water (groundwater) or for agricultural use only (surface water)

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

High population density, infrastructures and intensive agriculture practices affect the state of biodiversity.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%

5% of the land users are rich.
95% of the land users are average wealthy.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Establishment costs N/A

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Programma di sviluppo rurale per il veneto 2007-2013, Regione Veneto, 2007. Dipartimento Agricoltura e Sviluppo Rurale.