1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Decision Support for Mainstreaming and Scaling out Sustainable Land Management (GEF-FAO / DS-SLM)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Bangladesh Forest Department (Bangladesh Forest Department) - 孟加拉国

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

FAO Bangladesh (FAO Bangladesh) - 孟加拉国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Mound plantation with non-mangrove species to transform mono-culture plantations subsequently into more ecologically resilient, mixed species plantations and as well as to accelerate natural processes of accretion and land stabilization in coastal areas.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Bangladesh has nearly five decades of experience of coastal afforestation and reforestation on offshore islands and newly accreted lands. Coastal plantations were originally planted mainly to protect coastal populations against tidal bores, cyclones and storm surges and as well as to speed up the stabilization of newly accreted lands that eventually protect interior agricultural land from saline intrusion. According to the historical approaches to coastal afforestation and reforestation in Bangladesh, only a few pioneer mangrove species are suitable for planting on newly accreted coastal lands. Mangrove plantations that were established with a handful of pioneer species require increasing levels of management to promote ‘artificial succession’. There is need to transform these predominantly monoculture plantations subsequently into more ecologically resilient, mixed species plantations. Mound plantation with non-mangrove species was introduced in some places to address this issue.
Under the ‘Climate Resilient Participatory Afforestation and Reforestation Project’ non-mangrove mound plantations were established in 2013 in South Salimpur area of Sitakundu upazila (administrative unit) in Chittagong district by the Forest Department. Earlier, in 1983 the newly accreted char land (river islands formed from sedimentation) was planted with mangrove species Keora (Sonneratia apetala). Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees that cope with salt water immersion and wave action and are adapted to life in waterlogged and harsh coastal conditions. Due to cyclones and illegal removal of trees the Keora plantations were destroyed in many spots. In the meantime, the mangroves had accumulated sediments and the land was raised as compared to the adjacent inland areas. This accreted and stabilized land is suitable for non-mangrove plantation as the water does not flood the raised land regularly.
However, the area is regularly inundated by the tide during the monsoon. In addition storm surges flood the land and cause waterlogged conditions, which are not suitable for the survival of non-mangrove species. To successfully plant non-mangrove species along the coast, mound plantation is practiced. The mound served as a raised bed to protect the seedlings from waterlogged conditions in monsoon seasons. Akashmoni (Acacia auriculiformis), Jhau (Casuarina equisetifolia), Arjun (Terminalia arjuna), Rain-tree (Albizia saman), Babla (Vachellia nilotica) tree species are planted in mound. The major activities of this practice are cleaning of site from weeds & making of round shaped mounds. The diameter of the mound in the base is 1m and in top is 0.6m with a height of 0.6m. The mound is prepared through soil heaps from the plantation site. Inter and intra row spacing is 2.6m x 2.6m center to center of the mounds. 1500 mounds per hectare are constructed and one bamboo stick put inside every mound to support the plated seedlings to stand firmly.
The dimension of pit in each mound is 0.3m x-0.3m s 0.3m and the pit needs to be kept open for two weeks for drying before the one year old seedling can be transplanted in the pits. The seedlings were raised in the nursery of Forest Department under the project. While planting seedlings 0.5 kg compost and 0.5 kg loamy soil are mixed in the pit to increase the fertility of the soil. Vacancy filling is required in the next year and weeding practice continues till 3rd year of plantation.
Advantage of mixed-species over monocultures is the promotion of diversifying production under different rotation periods. Mixed-species plantations are more resistant to damage caused by storms, insects or diseases. Mound plantation with non-mangrove mixed species increased the diversity and ecological services. Mound plantations are vulnerable to a variety of threats from livestock grazing, mainly buffalo, to extraction of timber and outright conversion of plantations to other land uses such as agriculture, aquaculture and salt production.
However, the mound plantation practice contributes in coastal greenbelt species diversification along with speed up the natural processes of accretion and land stabilization.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Climate Resilient Participatory Afforestation and Reforestation Project’ by the Forest Department established the technology

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 降低灾害风险

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 森林种植管理
• 防风林/防护林带
• 减少基于生态系统的灾害风险

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Plant varieties that comes through natural succession process stabilize the newly formed coastal land. Mound plantation with non-mangrove species strengthen that process with other plantation services.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

BDT

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

84.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Nursery establishment	October-November
2.	Raising seedlings	January-February
3.	Site preparation: clearing of site and mound construction	April-May
4.	Transplantation of seedlings	June
5.	Fertilizer application: Compost mixed with loamy loamy soil	June

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Nursery preparation	person-days	17.0	500.0	8500.0	100.0
劳动力	Earth clearing and mound preparation	person-days	150.0	500.0	75000.0	100.0
劳动力	Plantation work	person-days	25.0	500.0	12500.0	100.0
设备	Bucket	pieces	15.0	250.0	3750.0	100.0
设备	Spade	pieces	15.0	500.0	7500.0	100.0
植物材料	Seeds for nursery bed	Lump sum	1.0	1000.0	1000.0	100.0
植物材料	Poly bags	Pieces	1800.0	1.0	1800.0	100.0
植物材料	Bamboo stick to support seedlings	Pieces	1600.0	2.0	3200.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Compost to apply in plantation	kg	1000.0	4.0	4000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Urea for poly bag seedling	kg	4.0	35.0	140.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	TSP for poly bag seedling	kg	4.0	40.0	160.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	MoP for poly bag seedling	kg	4.0	30.0	120.0	100.0
施工材料	Bamboo for nursery fencing	pieces	4.0	250.0	1000.0	100.0
其它	Seedling transportation cost	Lump-sum	1.0	1000.0	1000.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					119670.0
技术建立总成本，美元					1424.64

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Vacancy filling	June
2.	1st year weeding	3 times in a year
3.	2nd year weeding	3 times in a year
4.	3rd year weeding	2 times in a year
5.	Fertilizer application to the newly planted trees	June

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Seedling transportation	person-days	1.0	500.0	500.0	100.0
劳动力	Vacancy filling	person-days	4.0	500.0	2000.0	100.0
劳动力	Fertilizer application to the newly planted trees	person-days	4.0	500.0	2000.0	100.0
劳动力	Weeding	person-days	40.0	500.0	20000.0	100.0
植物材料	Bamboo stick to support seedlings	pieces	350.0	2.0	700.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	NPK fertilizer	kg	75.0	30.0	2250.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					27450.0
技术维护总成本，美元					326.79

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Labor

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

是

具体说明:

Due to regular tidal inundation the soil become saline and only support to grow mangrove plant species

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

偶然

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Bangladesh Forest Department established the coastal plantation through participatory approach of co-management with adjacent local communities.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好
季雨量	湿季/雨季	增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
热带风暴	适度
局地暴雨	好
局地雷暴	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
风暴潮/沿海洪水	好

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
流行病	适度
昆虫/蠕虫侵扰	适度

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
海平面上升	适度

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The mixed plantation is now more pest resistance
The aesthetic beauty is increased and attract more tourists

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The mixed stand with mound plantation supports more ecological services like supply of fuel wood, wildlife habitat, timber, tourism, greenbelt, etc.
Species mixtures maximize the use of resources, and consequently increase stand-level productivity and carbon sequestration.
Speed up the natural succession process. Otherwise it takes long period of time to grow non-mangrove species in coastal areas.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The mounds often requires to be repaired when it faces frequent tropical storms and storm surges
Grazing hampers the stand at the initial stage	Community awareness

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Only salt tolerant plant species can be planted

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

N/A

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

N/A

7.4 一般注释

WOCAT questionnaire covers all the technical aspect of the practice