技术

Minimum tillage in UK arable cropping systems: Tivington [英国]

non-inversion tillage (eng); conservation tillage (eng)

technologies_984 - 英国

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1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:

Ceris A. Jones

SLM专业人员:

Oborn Jo

Farming wildlife advisory group

英国

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）
Soil and water protection (EU-SOWAP)
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）
Farmin & wildlife advisory group (FWAG) - 英国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Non-inversion tillage to create a seedbed

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Non-inversion tillage to provide suitable seedbed for following crop.

Purpose of the Technology: Even and cost-effective crop establishment, saving time and benefiting the environment. Maintenance: annually, per crop,

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: innovative farmer reducing impacts of farming on the environemnt, expanding his businesss and saving time

2.3 技术照片

媒体库

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

英国

区域/州/省:

Somerset

有关地点的进一步说明:

Minehead

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.78 km2.

Farm is a total of 126ha of which 28ha are grazed, 9ha are under environmental stewardship and 7ha are set aside

地图预览

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

农田

  • 一年一作
年作 - 具体指明作物:
  • 谷类 - 小麦（春季）
  • 油料作物 - 向日葵、菜籽、其他
每年的生长季节数:
  • 1
具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 300 Longest growing period from month to month: Sep - Jul

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion and compaction caused by inappropriate land use and intensive grazing respectively

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Soil erosion and capping of the soil

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: winter wheat - winter oilseed rape - winter wheat - beans - winter wheat

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 最小的土壤扰动

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

农艺措施

农艺措施

  • A3：土壤表面处理
注释:

Main measures: agronomic measures

Type of agronomic measures: early planting, manure / compost / residues, mineral (inorganic) fertilizers, soil conditioners (lime, gypsum), breaking compacted topsoil, minimum tillage

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

土壤水蚀

  • Wt：表土流失/地表侵蚀
  • Wo：场外劣化效应
物理性土壤退化

物理性土壤退化

  • Pk：熟化和结壳
注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wo: offsite degradation effects, Pk: sealing and crusting

Main causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (economic viability), poverty / wealth (lack of captial), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of knowledge)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 减少土地退化

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范（与技术图纸相关）:

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: improvement of soil structure

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase in soil fertility

Early planting
Material/ species: crop
Quantity/ density: depends on

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: crop residue
Quantity/ density: 2-5 t/ha
Remarks: residue chopped + spread over width of combine

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Remarks: broadcast

Soil conditioners (lime, gypsum)
Material/ species: biosolids (from Aug05)

Breaking compacted topsoil
Remarks: when required

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

£

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

0.56

4.3 技术建立活动

注释:

Additional info: - Year2: surface cultivation: mid September / per crop - Year2: drill: mid September / per crop - Year2: roll: mid September / per crop - Year3: shallow sub-soil: November / per crop - Year3: drill: November / per crop

4.5 维护/经常性活动

活动 时间/频率
1. Year1: shallow sub-soil 3rd-4th week in August / annual
2. Year1: spray with non-selective herbicide (glyphosate) late August/ early September / annual
3. Year1: drill late August/ early September, 3-4 days after spraying / annual
4. Year1: roll (optional) after drilling / annual
5. Year2: surface cultivation (more in Annex 3) mid August / per crop

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
设备 Equipment (year1)-machine hour
设备 Equipment (year2)-machine hour
设备 Equipment (year3)-machine hour
注释:

Machinery/ tools: Vaderstad Carrier, Vaderstad drill and roller

Only crop establishment costs are included as all other costs - seed, fertilisers, pesticides - are equivalent with those for conventionally mouldboard ploughing. The costs highlghted include labour. Equivalent crop establishment costs by ploughing are 225 (year1), 231 (year2), 190 (year3)

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

slope (steeper slopes require more horsepower), state of the soil, climate, crop

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
指定年平均降雨量（若已知），单位为mm:

800.00

农业气候带
  • 半湿润

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平（0-2%）
  • 缓降（3-5%）
  • 平缓（6-10%）
  • 滚坡（11-15%）
  • 崎岖（16-30%）
  • 陡峭（31-60%）
  • 非常陡峭（>60%）
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅（0-20厘米）
  • 浅（21-50厘米）
  • 中等深度（51-80厘米）
  • 深（81-120厘米）
  • 非常深（> 120厘米）
土壤质地（表土）:
  • 中粒（壤土、粉土）
表土有机质:
  • 中（1-3%）
如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is medium
Soil drainage/infiltration is good

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

生产系统的市场定位:
  • 商业/市场
相对财富水平:
  • 丰富
机械化水平:
  • 机械化/电动
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: < 0.5%

5% of the land users are very rich and own 20% of the land.
10% of the land users are rich and own 20% of the land.
85% of the land users are average wealthy and own 60% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: Contracting work forms greater part of income

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
注释:

126 ha

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

  • Other
土地使用权:
  • 租赁

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

作物生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

In early years

其它社会经济效应

Timeliness of operations

increased
decreased
注释/具体说明:

Operation twice as quick as ploughing

Economic viability

decreased
improved

Input constraints

increased
decreased
注释/具体说明:

Possible increasing herbicide costs

Hindered farm opperations

decreased
increased
注释/具体说明:

timing of operations critical

High machinery costs

low
high
注释/具体说明:

High capital investment but low running costs

社会文化影响

SLM/土地退化知识

减少
改良

Preparation for new legislation

注释/具体说明:

CAP reform, Soil Action Plan for England, EU Water Framework directive

Acceptance by society

Low
High
注释/具体说明:

Age difference: Technology tends to be taken up by younger farmers

生态影响

土壤

土壤水分

降低
增加

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良

土壤流失

增加
降低
SLM之前的数量:

0.01

SLM之后的数量:

1

土壤结壳/密封

增加
减少
注释/具体说明:

Possibility

土壤压实

增加
减少
生物多样性:植被、动物

动物多样性

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

More earthworms compared to land that has been ploughed

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

下游淤积

增加
降低

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？
短期回报:

稍微积极

长期回报:

积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？
短期回报:

中性/平衡

长期回报:

中性/平衡

6.5 技术采用

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

1 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Driven by economics

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Increased work rate making operations quicker
Better trafficability
Less at risk of weather
Earlier drilling. It is a systems approach - minimum tillage combined with early drilling and low seed rates
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Increased work rate

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Better planning
Improved soil organic matter
(Possible) soil structure improvements
Improved soil ecology and other wildlife benefits

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们？
Dependent on dry weather Co-operation with other farmers or larger acreage
Machinery more complex and expensive A combination of crop rotation, pesticides and stale seedbeds
Increasing grass weed populations Does not necessarily mean spending money eg utilising old equipment on farm like subsoilers. However, need the right attitude
Need to be experimental Accept advice for varying sources, talk to different people
Advice can be fragmented/ confusing
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们？
Technological knowledge of farmer Training and education, dissemination
Initial high capital investment Extended finance
Possible increasing weed populations More diverse management options - cultural and chemical
Need to expand acreage to cover capital costs More diverse crop rotation but perhaps this is insufficient to retain economic viability

7. 参考和链接

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

SOWAP project

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

www.sowap.org

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

L and D farming

URL:

www.landdfarming.co.uk

标题/说明:

Vaderstad machinery

URL:

www.vaderstad.com

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