这是该案例的一个过时的非现行版本。 转到当前版本.
技术
闲置

Integrated stone wall and poplar tree perimeter fencing [塔吉克斯坦]

technologies_1107 - 塔吉克斯坦

完整性: 82%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:
SLM专业人员:
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
GITEC/ADB/DMC Rural Development Project Land Management Institute - 塔吉克斯坦

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Stones cleared from land within a narrow valley floor where flat land is at a premium, was used to construct a perimeter stone wall which was subsequently supplemented with a row of poplar tree to protect an agro-forestry area with small scale supplementary irrigation.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The area in question is a very narrow, flat valley floor, 95% of which was covered in stones and boulders, and devoid of vegetation, both grass and trees/shrubs. The stones in the area were cleared and used to build a protecting, perimeter wall (approx. 1.5 m high). This was then supplemented by an inner row of fast growing poplar trees. The stone clearing has resulted in deeper soil within the protected area that has led to far greater vegetation coverage, such as grass (that can be cut and used as fodder), forest and orchard trees and vegetable gardens. Irrigation was provided to the area by a small diameter poly pipe from a permanent spring. The area is now being extended to almost double the size of the initial walled agro-forest area.

Purpose of the Technology: The farmer’s primary aim, in initiating and continuing this SLM approach, was to “leave a legacy of improved land” for future generations, recognising how little flat and potentially productive land there is in this high, narrow valley location. Clearing the land of stones and building a walled enclosure that was irrigated greatly assured the quantity and quality of fodder for his animals, as they remain fenced in beside his village home almost all year. Fruit and vegetable production was also greatly improved.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The family commenced stone clearing and wall construction in 2005. The next task was tree planting; poplar trees were planted around the wall's perimeter. The irrigation source was tapped into using a poly pipe. The vegetable gardens are seasonal and their plants change with the seasons and the family’s needs. Stone removal continues even now, to improve the soil in the walled area. The farmer hopes to extend the walled area in the future.

Natural / human environment: Before the family began clearing stones and building the wall, this land had almost zero productivity. This area has a shortage of cultivated land and with increases in popluation and continued food insecurity, cultivated land is at a premium.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

塔吉克斯坦

区域/州/省:

Central District of Tajikistan

有关地点的进一步说明:

Kushon village, Romit Jamoat, Vahdat

具体说明该技术的分布:
  • 均匀地分布在一个区域
如果不知道精确的区域,请注明大致覆盖的区域:
  • < 0.1 平方千米(10 公顷)
注释:

A small area was all that the family could manage as there was an initial large workload, clearing stones and fence building, etc

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份,请说明大概的日期:
  • 不到10年前(最近)

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 通过土地使用者的创新
注释(项目类型等):

The initiative began in 2005 and has been ongoing ever since, it continues to improve, at least up to 2010 when reviewed.

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • increase size of agrictultural land

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地::

具体说明混合土地使用(作物/放牧/树木):
  • 农林业

农田

农田

  • 一年一作
  • 多年一作(非木材)
  • 乔木与灌木的种植
乔木和灌木种植 - 指定作物:
  • 核果(桃、杏、樱桃、李子等)
  • 仁果类(苹果、梨子、柑橘等)
每年的生长季节数:
  • 1
具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 180Longest growing period from month to month: April to September

牧场

牧场

动物类型:
  • 牛 - 奶制品
  • 绵羊
森林/林地

森林/林地

产品和服务:
  • 薪材
  • 水果和坚果
  • 其它森林产品
注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): This area is strongly dependent on the extremely limited flat, valley bottom land for the production of pasture, 'cut and carry' fodder, orchards and vegetable production. 95% of this land is covered in stones that require removal before any productive capacity can be achieved. Even when cleared of stones the soil is still very shallow (< 20cm) and requires irrigation to ensure plants survive the hot summer months

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Same – the above words were used by him in the on-farm interview

Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: sheep/cattle

Plantation forestry: The Poplar trees they planted are pruned and thinned for firewood and construction materials

Other type of forest: orchard species: Apple, Apricot, Cherry

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, fruits and nuts

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Grazing land: Gi: Intensive grazing/ fodder production

3.3 由于技术的实施,土地使用是否发生了变化?

由于技术的实施,土地使用是否发生了变化?:
  • 是(请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题)
牧场

牧场

其它

其它

具体说明:

wastelands, deserts, glaciers, swamps, recreation areas, etc

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 混合雨水灌溉

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 农业林学
  • 改良的地面/植被覆盖

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

农艺措施

农艺措施

  • A1:植被和土壤覆盖层
植物措施

植物措施

  • V1:乔木和灌木覆盖层
  • V2:草和多年生草本植物
结构措施

结构措施

  • S6:墙、障碍物、栅栏、围墙
管理措施

管理措施

  • M1:改变土地使用类型
  • M2:改变管理/强度级别
  • M3:根据自然和人文环境进行布局
  • M4:活动时间安排的重大变化
  • M5:物种组成的控制/变化
注释:

Main measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures, structural measures, management measures

Type of agronomic measures: better crop cover, mixed cropping / intercropping, cover cropping, retaining more vegetation cover, furrows (drainage, irrigation)

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -along boundary, in blocks

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

土壤水蚀

  • Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
生物性退化

生物性退化

  • Bc:植被覆盖的减少
  • Bh:栖息地丧失
  • Bq:数量/生物量减少
  • Bl:土壤寿命损失
注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bh: loss of habitats, Bq: quantity / biomass decline, Bl: loss of soil life

Secondary causes of degradation: land tenure (The lack of good quality available land puts pressure on the lower grade land.), poverty / wealth (People still need land to harvest to survive.)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
注释:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范(与技术图纸相关):

The drawing shows a 1.5m high stone wall, lined with poplar trees on a gentle slope. The site is located in the valley floor and has access to a naturally occuring spring. The enclosed land is now used mainly for fodder production, intercropped with fruit trees and vegetable patches.

Location: Khatlon province. Kushon village, Romit jamoat, Vahdat raion

Date: 21.04.2011

Technical knowledge required for land users: high (The farmer has a good understanding of farming techniques.)

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, improvement of subsoil structure (hardpan), stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, reduction in wind speed, spatial arrangement and diversification of land use

Better crop cover
Material/ species: Perennial pasture (grass) for fodder
Quantity/ density: 100 %
Remarks: covers 1.3 ha

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: Forest and orchard trees with fodder grasses and vegetable gardens
Quantity/ density: 100
Remarks: dramatically increased

Cover cropping
Material/ species: Perennial grass is the cover crop
Quantity/ density: 100
Remarks: dramatically increased

Retaining more vegetation cover
Material/ species: Land previously bare and stony
Quantity/ density: 100
Remarks: vegetation cover increased

Furrows (drainage, irrigation)
Material/ species: Irrigation via hand cut 20cm cube ditches and poly pipe from nearby spring

Agronomic measure: Stone removal and clearance

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 1200
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1 m

In blocks
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 60% cover
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): About 0.5 ha planted

Trees/ shrubs species: Poplar trees - planted

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Apple, cherry, apricot - planted

Grass species: Grass - natural

Other species: Vegetable garden - planted

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 0.00%

Wall/ barrier
Vertical interval between structures (m): Wall around area
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.5
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.7
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 500

Construction material (stone): Stone wall – from stones removed from within area

Lateral gradient along the structure: 3 degrees%

作者:

Des Mcgarry, Land Management Institute, Giprozem 15, Dushanbe, Tajikistan

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币(具体说明):

somoni

如相关,注明美元与当地货币的汇率(例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔):1美元=:

4.5

注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:

4.50

4.3 技术建立活动

活动 时间(季度)
1. Stone clearing On initial set up
2. Wall building On initial set up
3. Tree planting annually
4. Irrigation pipe On initial set up
5. Vegetable garden annually

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Stone clearing Persons/day 15.0 50.0 750.0 100.0
劳动力 Wall building Persons/day 15.0 50.0 750.0 100.0
劳动力 Tree planting Persons/day 10.0 25.0 250.0 100.0
劳动力 Vegetable garden Persons/day 20.0 15.0 300.0 100.0
设备 Tools Pieces 6.0 16.66666666 100.0 100.0
植物材料 Trees Pieces 100.0 10.0 1000.0 100.0
植物材料 Plants for vegetable garden - 1.0 450.0 450.0 100.0
施工材料 Irrigation pipe meter 700.0 3.0 2100.0 100.0
施工材料 Wall meter 500.0 7.0 3500.0 100.0
技术建立所需总成本 9200.0
技术建立总成本,美元 2044.44
注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

活动 时间/频率
1. Stone clearing Annually
2. Vegetable garden Annually
3. Tree planting Annually
4. Animal husbandry Annually
5. Fertilising and cultivating (garden vegetables) Annually
6. Tree planting Annually
7. Vegetable planting Seasonally
8. random stone removal Annual

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Stone clearing Persons/day 10.0 25.0 250.0 100.0
劳动力 Vegetable garden Persons/day 50.0 25.0 1250.0 100.0
劳动力 Tree planting Persons/day 20.0 15.0 300.0 100.0
劳动力 Animal husbandry Persons/day 40.0 15.0 600.0 100.0
其它 Labour: Fertilising and cultivating Persons/day 20.0 15.0 300.0 100.0
其它 Labour: Random stone removal Persons/day 10.0 15.0 150.0 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 2850.0
技术维护总成本,美元 633.33
注释:

Machinery/ tools: All works done manually., all done manually, All work done manually.

Wall – length; all money spent in first 1 or 2 years
Trees – per unit tree; initial start up and annual costs, now ongoing.
Vegetable seeds – per packet, annually

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The human labour costs involving the family were nothing as they willingly gave of their time to clear the land and build the wall, plant trees and create vegetable gardens. The real labour cost were the few days when the farmer paid 3 men to help build the wall.
The cost of the wall cost was also nothing as all materials came from on site.
Trees – there was an initial start up cost and the farmer said he tries to plant at least 20 new trees each year to maintain and enhance productivity
Grasses (fodder) – are self regenerating and local. The farmer has never bought grass seed or used fertiliser on the grass

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
有关降雨的规范/注释:

Dominate in Spring (March-May) The period June to September is very hot and dry (almost no rain).

农业气候带
  • 半干旱

Thermal climate class: temperate

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: The centre of the site is at 1,305 meters a.s.l

Landforms: The site is slightly sloped, north to south.

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
表土有机质:
  • 高(>3%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: Before intervention the soil was <1cm in depth. Now 20-30cm average depth.

Soil texture: Loess soil – silty loam

Soil fertility is high and with proper management/intervention these soils are very fertile. Before the intervention they were virtually infertile.

Topsoil organic matter is medium with intervention (<1% before).

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is medium because loess soils are low in clay (high in silt) – so have moderate PAWC.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

地下水位表:

5-50米

地表水的可用性:

水质(未处理):

良好饮用水

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Availability of surface water: Also medium

Water quality (untreated): The spring water is almost pure water

5.5 生物多样性

物种多样性:
  • 中等

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

生产系统的市场定位:
  • 生计(自给)
非农收入:
  • 收入的10-50%
相对财富水平:
  • 贫瘠
个人或集体:
  • 个人/家庭
机械化水平:
  • 手工作业
性别:
  • 男人
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Not a large difference. The farmer’s wife shares the workload but tends to focus more on the garden, fruit production, household duties and bee keeping. The farmer conducts hay cutting and gathering, stone removal, fence upkeep and animal tending (feeding and slaughtering when required).

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

100% of the land users are poor.

Off-farm income specification: The issue is that the older and the very young family members (ie the farmer and his wife are in their late 50s ) stay on the farm. The rest (18 to 50 yrs ) have paid employment in Dushanbe and Russia, and only visit the farm, occasionally. However, it is believed they part-finance (contribute) to the upkeep of the family farm.

Market orientation of production system: All of the farm produce stays on the farm for home consumption, but they do eat well and very healthy (fresh and organic) food. Their cattle are also well fed and healthy .

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的(参照当地实际情况)?:
  • 小规模的
注释:

Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology: Is 1.5 ha

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
  • This is jamoat land (local village land). The farmer has no certificate but is now applying for one
  • This is jamoat land (local village land). The farmer has no certificate but is now applying for one
注释:

Not yet an issue – as he is the only one with access to the spring water

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

健康:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
教育:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
技术援助:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
就业(例如非农):
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
市场:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
能源:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
道路和交通:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
饮用水和卫生设施:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
金融服务:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

作物生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Before the Technology this land was almost 95% covered in rocks with almost zero carrying capacity, no productivity and no water supply. So the % increase as a result of the Technology is all related to this increase from nothing.

饲料生产

降低
增加

饲料质量

降低
增加

畜牧生产

降低
增加
SLM之前的数量:

2

木材生产

降低
增加

生产故障风险

增加
降低

产品多样性

降低
增加

生产区域

降低
增加

土地管理

妨碍
简化

能源生产

降低
增加
水资源可用性和质量

饮用水的可用性

降低
增加

家畜用水的可用性

降低
增加

灌溉用水的可用性

降低
增加
收入和成本

农业投入费用

增加
降低

农业收入

降低
增加

收入来源的多样性

降低
增加

工作量

增加
降低

社会文化影响

食品安全/自给自足

减少
改良

健康状况

恶化
改良

SLM/土地退化知识

减少
改良

Livelihood and human well-being

注释/具体说明:

The primary aim of the farmer in introducing the technology was to improve the family’s lifestyle (livelihoods) and well being. He has easily achieved this and it seems to be getting better, year on year.

生态影响

水循环/径流

水量

降低
增加

水质

降低
增加

水的回收/收集

减少
改良

地表径流

增加
降低

多余水的排放

减少
改良

蒸发

增加
降低
土壤

土壤水分

降低
增加

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良

土壤流失

增加
降低

土壤结壳/密封

增加
减少

土壤压实

增加
减少

养分循环/补给

降低
增加
生物多样性:植被、动物

生物量/地上C

降低
增加

植物多样性

降低
增加
其它生态影响

Hazard towards adverse events

increased
decreased

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

水资源可用性

降低
增加

缓冲/过滤能力

减少
改良

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性(土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害)

渐变气候

渐变气候
季节 增加或减少 该技术是如何应对的?
年温度 增加

气候有关的极端情况(灾害)

气象灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
局地暴雨
局地风暴
气候灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
干旱
水文灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
比较和缓的(河道)洪水 未知

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果
该技术是如何应对的?
缩短生长期
注释:

The Technology (stone clearing, wall building, tree planting, vegetable production and grass (fodder) production) is vastly more tolerant to extremes of climate than what existed before.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

非常积极

长期回报:

非常积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

非常积极

长期回报:

非常积极

注释:

The establishment and ongoing costs are very small compared to the returns both long and short term gained from introducing the Technology

6.5 技术采用

  • 单例/实验
如若可行,进行量化(住户数量和/或覆盖面积):

1 household

在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发的,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 91-100%
注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material suppor

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Unsure how many such walled agro-forests are in this region. Would need to consult with Jamoat leader. There are quite a few walled areas. But unsure about the number and content (ie technologies inside).

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: There seem to be quite a few enclosures in this area – but we have not conducted a formal survey.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
As above, as these words were transcribed during the farmer interview, on site.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The stone clearing and wall building underpins the whole SLM initiative. That it was achieved by only 3 or 4 people, in under a year and at such a low cost (with minimal paid labour) adds to the strengths. The wall is also critical to keep animals out of this now richly vegetated area, not only sheep and goats but also wild pigs and even wolves. The stone clearing “created” soil which is critical for all the vegetation growth within the walled area.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? The farmer is in the process of expanding the stone cleared area, and is using the stone to build a larger perimeter fence, aiming for a larger plot of 2 or 3 ha.
Bringing water to the site (at his own cost) by poly pipe was a critical part to the technology. The walled agro-forestry area would have struggled without this extra and constant water supply – as the soil is so shallow (all the rock remains below the soil surface). Now he can have good fodder grass, trees, orchard and vegetables with a guarenteed regular supply. Getting the plants and trees through the hot summer months is the key use of the water.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? The farmer wishes to source a 2nd spring to water the extended (2 - 3 ha) site.
The rich mix of vegetation on the site (trees, perennial grasses and vegetable production) not only ensures the intervention remains viable but also ensures a continuous, rich, healthy food supply to the family and their animals year round.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? The farmer has already started to plant new fruit trees outside the original walled area, in readiness for moving the fence to encompass a 2 -3 ha site.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
As above; as these were the sentiments of the farmer during the on site interview.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
None really. What the farmer has achieved is most impressive. Particularly as his Technologies were all self-financed and conducted slowly and carefully, hence with no financial burden to the family and no interruption or lessening of their food supply. If costs / budget permit (unlikely) to bring some power-type assistance to stone removal (like a small tractor) or a solar powered pump to increase irrigation water pressure. However, the farmer may not wish to be reliant on such items, as if they breakdown, his whole enterprise (currently so successful) may suffer.

7. 参考和链接

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

There is no relevant documentation

模块