1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

HELVETAS (Swiss Intercooperation)

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

31/12/2015

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

The technology promoted sunstainable water conservation. It is cost effective and requires no external energy supply as it is based on gravity flow.

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

The purpose of this water harvesting technology is to capture, collect and distribute sub-surface water. First, an infiltration gallery is developed, which allows the percolation and collection of sub-surface water through perforated pipes at a depth of approximately 3-4.5 metres. Sub-surface water is filtered by gravel/sand underground and infiltrates into the gallery. The harvested water is used for household needs as well as for livestock and irrigation through gravity flow.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

This method is applied in areas with low rainfall, where soils have a sandy-gravelly texture and where the sub-surface water can not percolate deeply, but instead flows laterally in shallow sub-surface channels. The technology consists of the following main elements: filtration materials (sand / gravel), collection chambers, perforated pipes, conveyance lines made from solid blocks, and storage tanks. Construction includes the following main activities and inputs:
• Excavation of rectangular trenches with machinery or by hand
• Construction of a solid base line with PCC (plain cement concrete) blocks on the top of
boulders
• Installation of perforated and blind pipes - and storage tanks where necessary
• Coverage of the trench first with boulders and then sand on top.
Once the gallery is constructed there is no further need for intervention; this means that maintenance costs for the user (farmer, households of the local community) are minimal. Traditionally, the technology has been implemented by local farmers for many years. Where improvements are required, support by local technicians is provided. The technology is based on local knowledge, and locally available construction materials. The method is technically simple, cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Farmers and other users consider this technology as very efficient as there is no need for external energy supply, and it can be easily replicated. Furthermore, it requires a minimum of external construction material and the operation costs are minimal. The captured water is filtered through the subsurface layers and - as long as there is no specific external contamination - it is safe and can be used for various purposes as already noted. This extra water supply is particularly effective for irrigation, contributing to increased production and allowing diversification of crop production (potentially also of high value crops), thereby improving the livelihoods of remote rural communities. The primary impact of this technology is to reduce risks related to droughts or water scarcity as natural phenomena or consequences of climate change effects. Additionally infiltration of water into the galleries reduces surface erosion of fertile soil, hence it lessens soil degradation.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2013

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

注释（项目类型等）:

Water for Livelihoods Project (rural development project)

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 降低灾害风险
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

As a result of the introdued technology, farmers can now produce multiple crops and have increased the cropping efficiency.

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化，则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

Prior to the establishment of the infiltration gallery, cropland was mainly rain-fed and only a single crop was produced with 50 % cropping efficiency.
The cropping efficiency increased up to 150 % (growing 3 crops instead of 1 crop in a year.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

- The technology is simple and not costly to establish.
- It further contributes to adapt to climate change, especially in areas where water becomes increasingly scarce.

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

Rabi (October to March) & Kharif (April to September) season

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 集水
• 灌溉管理（包括供水、排水）
• 地下水管理

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 适用于特定场所/集中在较小区域

注释:

This technology is suitable for area with little slope to retain a maximum amount of water. when the stream bed has a higher gravel content, it provides more water. The technology is suitable for strata with no/ low vertical percolation, such as underlying hard rocks.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 适应土地退化

注释:

Further the technology contributes to reduce risks and losses linked to droughts as natural hazard and/or the effect of climate change.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Dimensions of the cross section:
- Depth: 10 to 15 feet, width: 6 to 8 feet, length: 300 to 1000 feet
- Slope: 3% on 200 feet
- Volume of storage tank: 30 x 30 x 4 feet

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Excavation	结构性的	2 weeks
2.	Dry stone packing	结构性的	1 week
3.	Laying of PCC block (plain cement concrete)	结构性的	2-3 days
4.	Installation & fixing of perforated pipes (6" diameter)	结构性的	2-3 days
5.	Establishement of filtration media (boulder, gravel, sand packing)at gallery's end point/ water user's access point (if required) material: concrete	结构性的	2 weeks
6.	Construction of water collecting chamber	结构性的	1 week
7.	Convayance line (3" diameter)	结构性的	3 weeks
8.	construction of storage tank (if required)	结构性的	4 weeks as parallel activity

注释:

Totally, it takes 3 months to complete the construction of the infiltration gallery unit (600 feet) including the conveyance line and storage tank. Some of the activities can be carried out in parallel.

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Skilled Labour	Days	109.0	12.0	1308.0
劳动力	Un-Skilled Labour	Days	465.0	6.0	2790.0	100.0
设备	Machinary (Excavator)	Hour	118.0	25.0	2950.0
施工材料	Bricks (Number)	1000	12.5	95.0	1187.5
施工材料	PCC blocks, rough stone (cubic foot)	100	44.5	50.0	2225.0
施工材料	Cement (50 kg bags)	50	275.0	5.0	1375.0
施工材料	sand, crush, boulder, gravel (cubic foot)	100	63.0	35.0	2205.0
其它	PVC pipe perforated (6" diameter filter section class D) (ft)	1	590.0	5.0	2950.0
其它	PVC blind pipe (3" diameter class B) (ft)	1	3600.0	1.0	3600.0
技术建立所需总成本					20590.5

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Project / Government partner - i.e. on Farm Water Management department & public Health engineering Department, shared the cost at the ratio of 80 % : 20 %.

注释:

Total cost of the technology is basically proportional to the length of gallery and futher dependson the size of the storage tank.

4.6 维护/经常性活动

注释:

This technology is based on a single cost investment. Except minor repairs of storage tank, there are no relevant maintanance costs.
The filter function of the boulder layer and the perforated pipes reduce sedimentation problems. Minor amounts of silt and fine sediments in the storage tank can be removed with minor effort by the user (unskilled labo no tools required),

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

- Length of the infiltration gallery
- Length of the conveyance line
- Size of storage tank (not alway included)

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Due to floods in monsoon season, the discharge capacity increases.

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年降雨量		增加	好
季雨量	夏季	增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 10-50%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 气候变化/极端气候

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

Design of infiltration galleries (diameter of pipes, size of perforation, slope etc.) was adjusted to local conditions including the consideration of local rainfall / amount of water.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Low cost measure, which requires only a one-time investment, low/no repair or maintenance costs are required.
Well assimilated and replicated by local farmers of the area since it is a simple and traditional technology.
No requirement of external energy (no pumping).
Allows harvest of sub-surface water for different purposes (domestic use, irrigation, livestock).
Environmentally friendly, making use as much as possible of local construction material (gravel, sand).

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The technology can be replicated in areas of similar conditions, as well as up-scaled with little efforts in other areas with a similar environment.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
If the land, where the sub-surface water is harvested is communal property, the distribution of water rights may be an issue.	Involvement of farmer organizations, distribution of water rights based on land holdings have to according check water rights.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Filtration media might clogge in the long run in case silt content is high.	Filtration media should be prepared with graded materials (sand, gravel, boulder).
Considering the initial investment cost, the measure cannot be done by an individual alone.	It requires an organized (group of) community. Though this pre-condition can also be interpreted as a strength for a coordinated and efficient use of water.

7.1 信息的方法/来源