1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

A structural measure constructed by stone/soil/wood acrross the gully to control erosion and create favourble condition for crop cultivation.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The technology is known by the farmers for more than a century. Since the area is highly affected by gully erosion, this practice is widely used by farmers in the area and also widely practiced. Its construction starts from the bottom of the gully and proceeds upslope with different dimensions. The height depends on the depth of the gully and it is increased from year to year. On the average the width is 1m and hieght is 1.80m. The technology is used to develop big gullies and treatment of small gully like depressions, attain slope change to enhance land suitability to crop production and to conserve soil and water. The construction of the stone checkdam starts with small heights and some height is added every year until the intended height is reached. The increase in height could be done during maintenance also. The major objective being to stop gully growth, trap sediment and retain water running down the gully. In the course of increasing the height, the area for sediment deposition gets wider. The technology is suitable to areas with low rainfalls of rugged topography having a network of gullies.

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

埃塞俄比亚

区域/州/省:

Amhara Regional State

有关地点的进一步说明:

Koshem Watershed

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果不知道精确的区域，请注明大致覆盖的区域:

• 10-100 平方千米

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 810 km2.

The technology is mostly practiced in the eastern escarpment of the the woreda experiencing low and erratic rains. Area is estimated

Map

×

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

注释（项目类型等）:

Is developed by land users themselves

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

• 一年一作
• 多年一作（非木材）
• 乔木与灌木的种植

年作 - 具体指明作物:

• 谷物类 - 玉米
• 谷类 - 高粱
• 豆科牧草和豆类 - 豆子
• 豆科牧草和豆类 - 其他
• 油料作物 - 向日葵、菜籽、其他

• haricot bean, teff

• sugar cane, elephant grass, local grass

乔木和灌木种植 - 指定作物:

• 柑橘属
• 咖啡，露天种植
• 水果、其他
• 芒果、山竹果、番石榴
• 木瓜

• acacia, eucalyptus, khata edulis, ageava sisal, banana, lemon

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 210 Longest growing period from month to month: May - Nov Second longest growing period in days: 180 Second longest growing period from month to month: Jan - Apr

采用间作制度了吗？:

是

如果是，说明哪些作物是间作的:

sorghum/maize +haricot beans

牧场

森林/林地

• （半天然）天然森林/林地

（半天然）天然森林/林地：具体说明管理类型:

• 皆伐

产品和服务:

• 木材
• 薪材
• 放牧/啃牧

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Increase in human and animal population, overggrazing and expansion of cultivated lands to areas which are not suitable to cultivation is a problem. Meanwhile, owing to gully expansion and in the absence of preventive and control measures, there is considerable loss of soil from grazing and cultivated lands.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): More area is getting out of production.

Other grazingland: extensive: pastoralism: in the eastern side of the SWC technology area

Other grazingland: extensive: semi-pastoralism: on the ridgea nd hilly slopes where land users are engaged in crop and livestock production

Grazingland comments: Livestock production is decreasing primarily because of decreasing grazing lands. The number of livestock being the most important factor for herd owners than the quailty. More extension work will be needed to promot the awarness of livestock owners in a way they give emphases to quality of livestock production than numbers.

Clear felling of (semi-)natural forests: to open land for cultivation, chrcoal making

Problems / comments regarding forest use: The natural forest/wood lands are decreasing mainly to expansion of cultivation and also due to high demand for use. However, because of plantations on gullies, hillside closures and woodlots there is a positive trend of increase of planted trees.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Fruit trees, sugar cane, pulses

Type of grazing system comments: Livestock production is decreasing primarily because of decreasing grazing lands. The number of livestock being the most important factor for herd owners than the quailty. More extension work will be needed to promot the awarness of livestock owners in a way they give emphases to quality of livestock production than numbers.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

Water supply: Also mixed rainfed - irrigated

Water supply: post-flooding

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 地表水管理（泉、河、湖、海）

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

农艺措施

• A1：植被和土壤覆盖层
• A2：有机质/土壤肥力
• A3：土壤表面处理
• A6：残株管理
• A7：其它

植物措施

结构措施

• S6：墙、障碍物、栅栏、围墙

注释:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures

Type of agronomic measures: mixed cropping / intercropping, contour planting / strip cropping, legume inter-planting, manure / compost / residues, contour tillage

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

• Wt：表土流失/地表侵蚀
• Wg：冲沟侵蚀/沟蚀

化学性土壤退化

• Cn：肥力下降和有机质含量下降（非侵蚀所致）

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), overgrazing, other human induced causes (specify) (agricultural causes), labour availability (lack of labour), land subdivision

Secondary causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify, poverty / wealth (lack of captial), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of knowledge), lack of enforcement of legislat./authority

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范（与技术图纸相关）:

Amhara

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Secondary technical functions: reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, increase of infiltration

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: sorghum/maize +haricot beans
Quantity/ density: 70,000 sor
Remarks: broadcast

Agronomic measure: mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: teff + sunflower
Quantity/ density: -
Remarks: broadcast

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: Animal dung, fuelwood ash, leaves, soil
Quantity/ density: 0.6 ton/ha

Contour tillage
Remarks: along contour

Agronomic measure: Sediment trapped by checkdam
Remarks: along the contour

Agronomic measure: Seedbed preparation by hoe

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 1500
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1-1.8m
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 8-10m
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1-2m
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1x1

Vegetative measure: aligned: contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): -
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1-1.8m
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 8-10m
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): -
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): -

Vegetative measure: aligned: contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 2000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1-1.8m
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 8-10m
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): -
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): -

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Trees/ shrubs species: acacia, eucalyptus, khata edulis, ageava sisal

Fruit trees / shrubs species: coffee, papaya, guava, banana, lemon, manago, orange

Grass species: elephant grass, local grass

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 12.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 3.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.00%

Structural measure: Checkdam
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1
Spacing between structures (m): 8m
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3m
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1m
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 5m
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.5-1m
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1m
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 5.m

Construction material (earth): Soil is embnked upslope of the stone wall as reinforcement

Construction material (stone): Stone is used to construct the embankment/wall/and is supported by soil in the upslope side to reinf

Construction material (wood): Wood used as support at the downslope side

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 12%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 3%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:3

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use type: gully converted to cropland

Other type of management: fencing and guarding - protect animals from interering to plantations

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Birr

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

8.6

4.3 技术建立活动

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 180 month(s)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

Machinery/ tools: Shovel, hoe

Length per hectar of land

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

labour, slope and depth of the gully, width of the gully, availability of construction material, soil depth. The establishment cost considerts the cost incurred over 15 years.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Landforms: Hill slopes (ranked 1, relatively drier and the technology is most suitable to this area) and ridges (ranked 2, the ridge separates the east and west parts the SWC area)
Slopes on average: Hilly (ranked 1, mostly terraced of stone bunds), rolling (ranked 2, more number of gullies and more area under the technology) and steep (ranked 3, bush lands suitable for grazing)

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: Shallow (ranked1, more on hill slopes), moderately deep (ranked 2, on rolling terrain) and very shallow (ranked 3, on hilly and steep slopes)
Soil texture: Medium (dominant on hilly slopes) and coarse/light (on rolling terrains)
Soil fertility is low (on hilly sloping areas) and medium (on rolling lands)
Topsoil organic matter: Low (in all land forms)
Soil drainage/infiltration is good (on hilly and rolling lands) and medium (ridge)
Soil water storage capacity is low (on hilly and rolling lands) and medium (ridge)

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
20% of the land users are rich and own 30% of the land.
35% of the land users are average wealthy and own 30% of the land.
45% of the land users are poor and own 40% of the land.

Market orientation of garzing land production system: Subsistence (self-supply, production ids for self consumption and even it does not satistfy household needs)
Market orientation of crop land production system: Subsistence (self-supply) and mixed (subsistence and commercial)
Market orientation of crop land production system: Subsistence (self-supply, fuel wood collection for home consumption , construction wood, sell fuel woo and , make charcoal )

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 个人

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

25000

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

注释:

25000 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

25000 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Reclaiming gullies for agricultural land (crop and livestock production) is labourous.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Monthly, quarterly and annual achievement reports of the DWARDO

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Work norm of MERET

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Ethiopian Highlands Reclamation stdy

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Soil and water conservation , Morgan 1986