1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) - 黎巴嫩

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Gully plugs aim at rehabilitating active gullies in dryland watersheds, which are prone to erosion through concentrated surface runoff. Multiple gullies plugged in succession dissipate runoff energy, foster local water retention and infiltration, encourage sedimentation, assist in the stabilization of gully bed and side banks, and stimulate revegetation of flow paths; the channel measures must be combined with proper SLM in the catchments upstream.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Characteristics: Multiple gully plugs positioned sequentially within a gully system interrupt concentrated surface runoff and reduce its erosive power. The plugs are each made of multiple cobbles/stones mostly ranging between 10 and 30 cm diameter and constructed to ensure a stable structure. The plugs started at the head of the gully (upstream) and ranges from 1.5 - 3.7 m in width with an average of 2.5 m. For heavily eroded and very unstable sections, gabions can be used also. The structures are around 1.0 to 1.5-m high, anchored into the sidewalls, and around 0.20 to 0.35 m deep into the gully bed, built up to around 1/3 to max. 1/2 of the gully depth - ensuring the concentrated flow stays within the channel and does not overflow the side banks. The top of the plug is U-shaped, with the sides built higher than the centre. Upslope, the plugs are packed with soil to trap sediments (stopping it flowing through the structure), and downslope the plugs have an apron to dissipate the energy of overflowing water, into a micro stilling basin. The downslope side of the gully plug is sloped rather than vertical. The large stones add roughness to the slope, creating a rough spillway that dissipates erosive energy. In the direction of gully flow, several gully plugs are placed such that the upper gully apron is set at approximately the height of the following downstream gully crest.

Environment: The technology is used in a watershed close to Al Majeddyeh village, located in the Middle Badia zone, approximately 30 km south-east of Amman. The climate is arid and warm (Palmer, 2013). The average annual rainfall is around 130 mm. The natural environment is labelled as steppe, “BSh” in the köppen classification. The human environment is characterized by agropastoralists. They are semi-nomadic and live in villages around the watershed, for example, Al Majeddyeh village.

Purpose: The measure interrupts the concentrated flow, reduces velocity, and dissipates energy. Multiple structures along the gully decrease the erosive power of runoff, retaining a fraction of the runoff, inducing sedimentation (upstream of the plug), thus protecting the gully bed from further deep-scouring, and strengthening the gully side banks, especially when this is linked with re-vegetation. Over time, the establishing vegetation (roots and surface cover) stabilizes the soil and protects it from concentrated flow erosion. To be effective, gully plug emplacement requires SLM in upland areas. These measures then jointly mitigate peak runoff generation and accordingly reduce downstream flooding.

Major activities: Upland SLM is essential. In the specific watershed rehabilitation context, upland SLM was achieved through micro water harvesting and re-vegetation through native shrubs (the “VALLERANI” method). Gully morphology assessment is required for gully plug design, and positioning and earthwork excavation is necessary for foundation preparation in the gully bed and wall anchors. Proper layering of various size stones and shaping of gully plugs is necessary as is the addition of a packed soil pack upstream of the stone structure, to semi-seal the surface and to pond water. Then gully walls are revegetated through native seedlings: these benefit from the water ponding upstream prior to sedimentation upstream of the gully and enhanced soil water storage in the sediments once the gully is filled.

Benefits: Stops ongoing land degradation and gully deepening, and achieves a certain degree of rehabilitation; retains a fraction of runoff water and sediments in the watershed – water mainly infiltrates and provides moisture to the gully vegetation; gully vegetation serves various purposes including livestock fodder, reduction of flow velocities in the gully, and retention of further sediment.

Land user's opinion: Land users benefit from the vegetation (e.g. fruit trees can potentially be out-planted), as well as ponded water for livestock; however, the technology is labor-intensive, and therefore costly, and landowners (at the local target site) require incentives to carry out the work.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2017

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间
• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 降低灾害风险

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农牧业（包括农牧结合）

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

The measure mitigates the effect of surface runoff in concentrated flow areas - as a consequence of heavy rainfall events

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 最小的土壤扰动
• 横坡措施

• water harvesting; surface water management (spring, river, lakes, sea, riparian zone, riverbanks, seashore, lakeshore, spring shed); ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Implement upland watershed SLM (reference VALLERANI)
2.	Gully system/morphological assessment
3.	Determine plug design and implementation in the watershed
4.	Excavation earthworks for anchors and foundation	At least 2 months prior rainy season onset
5.	Stone made construction of gully plugs (occasionally with gabions)	At least 1 month prior rainy season onset
6.	Soil pack at upstream front	At least 1 month prior rainy season onset
7.	Revegetation of gully side banks	At the onset of the rainy season

注释:

Gully plugs require proper SLM in the uplands. Revegetation of gully side banks is optional – depending on the recovery potential of the area.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Field technician (design and oversight)	Labour Day (LD) per structure	0.2	50.0	10.0
劳动力	Workers (excavation/earthworks)	LD	4.0	35.0	140.0
劳动力	Workers (stone layering/construction)	LD	4.0	35.0	140.0
劳动力	Worker (out-planting of seedlings)	LD	1.0	35.0	35.0
设备	Shovel, Pickaxe, buckets, ruler	Lump sum	1.0	10.0	10.0
植物材料	Seedlings	per item	10.0	0.5	5.0
施工材料	Stones	m3	4.0	10.0	40.0
其它	Logistics (seedling transport, local stone transport)	lump sum	1.0	10.0	10.0
技术建立所需总成本					390.0
技术建立总成本，美元					390.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

International research for the development project.

注释:

Design is tailored for implementation through local workers (rural agro-pastoral community) and local materials. The engagement of local community workers as part of the specific project; if a professional contractor is hired costs can be significantly reduced.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Inspect damage/status	After severe storms and runoff events
2.	Maintain/repair/improve	After inspection

注释:

If optimally designed and connected with proper upland SLM the gully plug technology would not require maintenance; the measure induces nature-based (vegetation) protection of vulnerable gully zones over time.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Expert (investigation)	LD	0.1	50.0	5.0
劳动力		LD	0.5	35.0	17.5
劳动力		LD	1.0	35.0	35.0
施工材料	stones	m3	0.5	10.0	5.0
技术维护所需总成本					62.5
技术维护总成本，美元					62.5

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

It is 100% covered by the research project

注释:

Maintenance might be needed in case of improper implementation and/or extreme event occurrence. Maintenance should be minimal - mostly after initial 1-2 rainy seasons. Thereafter, revegetated and rehabilitated gully system – and most importantly, the rehabilitated uplands - would take on hydrological buffering functions and withstand the erosive force of surface runoff.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The most distinct cost factor is labor – which is especially significant when using local (community) labor; some technical training is required.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凹陷情况

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Gully slope is 3.4% on average.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth is varying throughout the gully areas. At some points (mostly upstream) the gully bed reaches the bedrock

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

频繁

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Gully plugs with out-planted vegetation create micro-climates; after recruitment and emergence of seed material, biodiversity increases.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	适度
年降雨量		减少	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
山洪暴发	非常好

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
流行病	好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
延长生长期	非常好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

During the initial stage potential benefits through vegetation do not materialize; main effects are on water and sediment retention. Long-term, the technology fosters the rehabilitation nature-based retention functions (very limited long-term maintenance required).

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

1

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Gully side bank vegetation useable as (livestock) fodder source; some herbs (later fruit tree benefits) for human consumption.
Gully is stable and does not expand e.g. tributaries. Uplands remain connected and productive.
Ponded water for livestock watering (during the rainy season).
Shelter and shade through vegetation.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Sediments from the uplands are trapped; relatively fertile soil remains in the watershed.
Increased local soil moisture and consequential vegetation quantity and bio-diversity enhancement; increase carbon storage and other ecosystem services such as pollination.
Smoothened watershed hydrology is beneficial for downstream agriculture – especially when applied in a watershed context with downstream flood irrigation (MARAB)
Protection of downstream infrastructure (flooding and sediments).

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
implementation costs	Incentives (e.g. governmental) for communities to implement SLM; regulations and enforcement on environmental management – especially connected with entitlements of natural resources facilitation
Tensions between upstream and downstream watershed users (watershed hydrology) – especially affected through wrong design and failure (e.g. gully breakage)	Community-based and holistic watershed management – the share of benefits and commitment for maintenance.
Additional fodder supply might attract other foreign herders (overgrazing)	Community-based and holistic watershed management – and protection.
Technical skills needed for implementation	Rural communities’ capacity building programs

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Expert design and implementation support required	Governmental and environmental organizations in control of design and support to local communities (training).
Requires upland SLM	Integrated watershed management and empowerment of local communities to manage and facilitate – provision of support (e.g. government and/or international projects).
Increased vegetation in a fragile ecosystem can lead to local pressure	Integrated watershed management and empowerment of local communities – especially sustainable grazing plans
Risk of wrong lessons learned: large water harvesting in gully systems (dams) created by locals	Capacity development programs; regulations and enforcement on environmental management.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Steven, E. (2017). Report on Majiddya Watershed Rehabilitation Project - Gully Plugs Plan /August 2017.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Strohmeier, S. (2017). Dimensioning of Marab in Majidyya.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

SEA. 1974. Les ouvrages en gabions – techniques rurales en Afrique. Secretariat d’Etat aux Affaires Etrangeres, Republique Francaise, 20, rue Monsieur, 75007 Paris.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

FAO. 1977. Guidelines for watershed management. FAO Conservation Guide 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, 1977