1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (GIZ) - 德国

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) - 肯尼亚

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Ecociate Consultants (Ecociate Consultants) - 印度

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

The application of biochar to the soil is a technology that can prevent or reduce land degradation by improving soil health through the addition of organic matter, increase soil fertility and the water retention capacity of soils.

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Biochar is a carbon-rich, solid material derived from a wide range of biomass or organic waste through a thermochemical method. It is an organic charcoal material that is the final product of pyrolysis, or high-temperature burning of agricultural biomass without oxygen. Surplus crop residues, agricultural waste, and wood from sustainable sources are used as feedstock (raw material). Such biochar production is linked with agroforestry plantation and agriculture to improve soil health and ensuring sustainable feedstock availability.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Introduction and Background
Intensive cropping systems coupled with monocropping and high usage of synthetic fertilizers have led to the degradation of soils and depletion of nutrients directly affecting agricultural productivity and farmers' income. Farmers in the Balangir district of Odisha are facing similar challenges. To address these issues and promote sustainable farming practices, a biochar production initiative was introduced by utilizing crop residues and waste material from forests to produce biochar, a carbon-rich material that enhances soil fertility and soil structure. The initiative is a part of the Pro-Soil Project of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), India and implemented by the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF). The technology (a kiln for biochar production) and technical inputs for biochar production were sourced from the Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal.
Biochar is a type of charcoal produced from biomass like agricultural or forest waste or organic materials through a process called pyrolysis. The application of sustainable biochar technology in agroforestry systems can lead to better soil structure, increased water retention, reduced nutrient leaching, and improved crop yields. Moreover, it aids in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions by locking carbon into soil for an extended period.
In the project region farmers used crop residues such as rice straw, wheat straw and residue of other crops along with non-usable biomass from local forests, such as branches, twigs, and leaves, to supplement the feedstock for the pyrolysis. Since the District has large forest areas, the availability of forest waste is no problem. The biochar produced was applied into existing crops fields as well as into agroforestry system. Aiming to promote agroforestry, the project promoted the integration of trees (both fruits and timber) and shrubs into existing agricultural practices. Agroforestry offers multiple benefits such as improved soil health, biodiversity, and carbon sequestration. When sustainable biochar production is integrated into these systems, it can create a sustainable cycle where agricultural waste is converted into biochar, which then enhances soil fertility and sequesters carbon when added back into the soil.
The project has actively involved women farmers, entrepreneurial youth, and farmers' groups in the collection, production and application process of biochar thus promoting community participation and creating awareness about the benefits of biochar.

Implementation
The biochar kiln technology, obtained from the Indian Institute of Soil Science, in Bhopal, is employed to convert biomass into biochar through pyrolysis. This technology ensures efficient and controlled production of high-quality biochar. The collected biomass undergoes a controlled pyrolysis process inside the biochar kiln, where it is burned in the relative absence of oxygen. Technical specialization during production includes kiln temperature control, feedstock preparation, and the management of pyrolysis gases to ensure efficient biochar production. This results in the conversion of biomass into biochar, also leaving behind bioenergy-rich gases. Quality control measures are implemented to ensure the production of biochar with optimal characteristics, including high carbon content, porosity, and stability.
The Biochar kiln used was designed with the aim to optimize temperature control and ensure efficient conversion of biomass. An efficient loading mechanism allows easy and controlled feeding of biomass into the kiln. This ensures a consistent flow of material during the pyrolysis process. Although local kilns are usually not equipped with temperature control mechanisms to regulate the pyrolysis temperature, the temperature in the kilns may alternatively be regulated through the rate of feeding biomass into the kilns. Such kilns usually have some safety features and proper ventilation so to prevent accidents.

To implement this technology the ICRAF conducted training sessions for farmers on the proper preparation and application of biochar. The trainings were focused on the following aspects:
-The collection and drying process for agriculture and forest waste
-The management of operations for the biochar kiln including the loading of raw material (feedstock) into the kiln, its burning, operation-timing, period check, volumes of raw material to be fed etc.
-Precautions to be taken during the process
-The quality check of prepared biochar charcoal and the process for pulverizing it
-Dosage recommendations for different crops as per local conditions
-The mixing of biochar with cow dung and cow urine before application
-Integration with existing farming practices and the long-term benefits of biochar on soil health

Impact and Knowledge Transfer
The biochar acts as a soil conditioner, enhancing water retention, nutrient availability, and microbial activity. The benefits and impacts on improved fertility, increased water retention, and reduced nutrient leaching, lead to higher crop yields and resilience against climate variability, carbon sequestration aids in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to global efforts to combat climate change, and utilizing agricultural residues reduces air pollution from open burning and provides a sustainable solution for organic waste disposal. Land users appreciated the enhanced soil productivity and environmental benefits brought by biochar. Overall, the Sustainable Biochar Production Technology represents a promising approach in sustainable agriculture and environmental stewardship.

The project team, in collaboration with local agricultural extension services and the Indian Institute of Soil Science, monitored the impact of biochar application on soil health parameters. This involved regular soil testing, crop yield assessments and feedback from participating farmers. In fact, they also measured the impact of biochar made from different feedstock (raw materials). Success stories were shared with neighboring communities, public stakeholders and researchers and encouraged the further adoption of sustainable soil management practices.

The biochar production initiative in the Balangir District of Odisha in India demonstrates a sustainable approach to addressing soil health issues using locally available resources. Through the collaboration between ICRAF and GIZ, this project not only improves soil fertility but also empowers local communities by providing them with sustainable solutions for agricultural challenges. The success of this intervention serves as a model for future initiatives aimed at promoting environmentally friendly and community-driven approaches to agriculture.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2021

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间
• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Piloting best practices to produce biochar using diverse feedstock and its application

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

Most farmers are cultivating in rainfed conditions while some also have irrigation facilities

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 集水
• 废物管理/废水管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

INR

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

80.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Purchase of biochar kiln unit	Can be done any time during the year but need to be ready before the month of September
2.	Purchase of pulveriser	Need to be purchased once and before the start of biochar production

注释:

Both biochar kiln and pulveriser are fixed investments and can last up to 5 years

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
设备	Biochar Klin	Rs.	1.0	7000.0	7000.0
设备	Pulvariser unit	Rs.	1.0	20000.0	20000.0
技术建立所需总成本					27000.0
技术建立总成本，美元					337.5

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The project paid towards the fixed investment costs of biochar kiln and pulverizier unit

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Collecting the crop residues and forest waste	Needs to be collected and dried before the start of biochar production unit (September and June)
2.	Preparation of Biochar	Before the sowing of Rabi (winter) and Kharif (summer) seasons (Months of September/October and June/July)
3.	Application of biochar in the field	During the cropping season

注释:

These activities may vary based on the cropping pattern and farmers' need of biochar application

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Preparation of biochar	Person-day	2.0	200.0	400.0	100.0
劳动力	Application of biochar in the field	Person-day	1.0	200.0	200.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Farmyard manure	Rs.	20.0	5.0	100.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Fertilizer	Rs.	50.0	7.0	350.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					1050.0
技术维护总成本，美元					13.13

注释:

The application of biochar was practiced by land users twice in a year, before sowing kharif and rabi crops. The amount of maintenance activities of the technology is count double for a year as farmers are practicing the biochar technology for two seasons in a year.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The investment towards the purchase of the kiln- and the pulveriser unit. In the documented project, the investment costs were borne by the project. Therefore, smallholder farmers may find it difficult to purchase the hardware units of kiln and pulveriser, given such investment costs.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Balangir District is divided into four Agro-Ecological situations (AES) and characterized by a hot dry summer and highly erratic rainfall distribution of south-west monsoon rains, i.e., (i) plain land irrigated, (ii) plain land rainfed (iii) undulating plain drought-prone and (iv) undulating sub-mountainous tract rainfed.
The altitude of the Bolangir district is 207 masl.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Mixed red and yellow soils occur as catenary associations in undulating and rolling terrains which differ in depth, texture, and color. Red and yellow soils are moderately shallow in depth and coarse-textured. Upland soils are shallower and lighter in texture than low-land soils.
Red and black soils are light to medium textured having neutral pH. These soils occur in mixed forms of both red & black soil together in which black soils occur in patches within the predominant red soils.
Black soils are mostly found in Puintala Block and in some parts of Loisingha Block. The soils are heavier in texture having clay content more than 30%. Clay minerals are predominant with smectites due to which deep cracks are seen to develop during summer.
Laterite soils are generally distributed in a few limited patches in the Balangir District. These soils are loamy sand to sandy loam in the surface having a hard clay pan in the subsoil. Crusting is a problem in upland literite.
Brown forest soils are mostly found in Khaprakhol, Tureikela, Bangomunda, Titilagarh, Saintala, and Gudvella Block. These soils are brown to grey-brown in color, light textured, and acidic in reaction.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

是

具体说明:

Balangir District falls within the Western Plateau and Hills Zone of Odisha, characterized by a semi-arid climate. The agro-climatic conditions include hot summers, limited rainfall, and erratic monsoons, which pose challenges for agriculture due to water scarcity. In many regions of Odisha, including Balangir, water salinity is a significant concern, especially in areas relying on groundwater sources.

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

The groundwater level at 3 meters below ground level in 2019 indicates water table that lies within 3-5 meters below ground level (m bgl) or less is considered shallow. This level often indicates good accessibility to groundwater, making it relatively easier for extraction using shallow wells or hand pumps.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

The Odisha Government has declared the Gandhamardan Hill Range in Bargarh and Balangir Districts a Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS).

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

There are a number of women self help groups and farmer producer organisations being formed in the district as part of Government programs

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

注释:

The majority of the farmers in the district are smallholder farmers with agriculture being mostly rained, except some areas with irrigation facilities from the nearby dam

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

The district is located in the interior parts of eastern India and considered as a backward district with poor access to infrastructure and other facilities

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

In the context of regions like Balangir, where salinity and soil loss are concerns, biochar's ability to improve soil structure and fertility without altering pH drastically could be beneficial. It helps mitigate soil erosion by enhancing soil health and resilience, thus contributing to sustainable agriculture practices in these challenging environments.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	适度
季节性温度	夏季	增加	适度
年降雨量		减少	好
季雨量	湿季/雨季	减少	适度

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	适度

注释:

Overall biochar improves the soil health and helps soil to maintain the moisture thus it is better suited to some of the climatic conditions such as low rainfall, delayed rains etc. However in case of extreme climatic conditions, technology alone may not mitigate the impact.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The benefits of technology to soil health, crop productivity and crop quality is much higher than the cost of establishment and maintenance

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

100

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

It was mostly done as part of the PRO-SOIL PROJECT

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 劳动力可用性（例如，由于迁移）

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

Refinements in pyrolysis methods and technologies to produce biochar with specific characteristics suited to diverse soil types and climate conditions. This includes adjusting temperature, duration, and feedstock to optimize biochar properties like porosity and water retention capacity. Innovations in application techniques to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of biochar incorporation into agricultural systems. This involves exploring precision application methods, such as localized placement or mixing with organic amendments, to ensure better distribution and utilization of biochar in the root zone. Emphasis on integrating biochar technology into climate-smart agricultural practices, focusing on sustainable intensification while adapting to changing climatic conditions. This involves promoting practices that enhance resilience to drought, water conservation and soil fertility improvement.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The soil moisture, soil texture, water retention and water-holding capacity of the soil increases. The uptake of nutrients increases which leads to less application of fertilizers in the field
There was an increase in crop yield, straw yield, vegetative mass growth, more grains or fruits per plant, and fewer pests & disease attacks on the plants were noticed
The better use of crop residue from the field increase the soil fertility and promoted better crop growth

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The use of biochar helps to combat the climate crisis by sequestering atmospheric carbon into soil as well as processing agricultural and other waste into useful clean energy
The application of biochar significantly changes the soil’s properties (texture, porosity, bulk density, particle density, surface area, pore size distribution, cation exchange capacity, pH, and water-holding capacity) which, directly influence plant growth
High porosity and a large surface area of biochar provide space for micro-organisms that are beneficial for the soil and help in binding important anions and cations, improving soil health and enhancing crop productivity
Reduced nitrous oxide and methane emissions when biochar is applied to the soil

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Need large quantities of wood and crop residue for biochar production on a larger scale	A better planning for crop residue management and access to communities to collect forest waste from forest can easily address this problem Exploring alternative biomass sources like agricultural residues, crop waste, or dedicated energy crops can reduce reliance on wood or coconut shells, promoting sustainable sourcing. Also, advancements in pyrolysis technologies to optimize biochar production from smaller quantities of biomass, improving efficiency and reducing the overall demand.
Do not have knowledge about how this biochar can be sold in the market for additional income	Creating more awareness among the farmers about biochar will create a market demand for it. Conducting market assessments and creating awareness among potential buyers about the benefits of biochar for soil improvement, carbon sequestration, and agricultural productivity. Exploring the development of value-added products or applications derived from biochar, such as soil amendments, filtration systems, or compost blends, to diversify market opportunities.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The availability of suitable wood and coconut for biochar production can be limited, and there may be competition between biochar production and other uses of biomass, such as food and fuel production	The innovation in technology where biochar can be produced with lesser amount of feedstock will be a great solution
If not managed sustainably, the production of biomass feedstock for biochar can lead to deforestation or the conversion of natural ecosystems into monoculture plantations, which can have negative ecological consequences	The promotion of agro-forestry is important to ensure the availability of feed stock while also ensuring the increased coverage of forest. The training of land users and other stakeholders around sustainable biochar production.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

IBI publication at International Biochar Initiative

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://biochar-international.org/resources/ibi-publications/

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

About Balangir District

URL:

https://balangir.nic.in/about-district/

标题/说明:

Water Resources of Balangir District (Minor Irrigation Division, Balangir)

URL:

https://balangir.nic.in/water-resources/

标题/说明:

Senior Geologist, Ground Water Survey & Investigation Division, Balangir

URL:

https://www.rtiodisha.gov.in/Pages/printAllManual/office_id:2710/lang:

7.4 一般注释

This documentation not only follows the land user interview findings but also follows the results mentioned in the internal report after the experimentation