1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Alliance Bioversity and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Alliance Bioversity-CIAT) - 肯尼亚

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Ecociate Consultants (Ecociate Consultants) - 印度

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

Multilayer farming is a farming practice that involves cultivating a mix of vegetables and fruits on a small piece of land. Additionally, by growing a variety of crops together, multilayer farming can increase yields and provide a more diverse range of foods for households.

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Multilayer farming, also known as multi-tier farming, is a technique of intercropping crops of different heights, root and shoot patterns, and maturation times in small plots of land. This technique is cost-effective, easily adaptive, and participatory, providing a large number of food groups to farmers to improve their nutritional levels, providing insurance against crop failure, reducing pest and disease incidence, and improving soil properties and soil fertility conditions. Multilayer farming minimizes crop-weed competition, and soil erosion, and optimizes resource utilization resulting in higher returns and better nutritional value. It promotes sustainable agriculture, maintains a balanced diet, increases income per unit area, and reduces the risk of crop failure.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Multilayer farming is an agricultural model that aims at achieving maximum production per unit area by utilizing water, manure, and land resources to their full potential. This method is based on the synergies between the different crops and plants planted on a given piece of land. This method is cost-effective and yields more benefits than other farming systems. By cultivating four to five crops with the same amount of fertilizer and water required for a single crop, farmers can increase their income, and multiple crops can be harvested yearly using the same piece of land.

Multilayer farming is based on scientific, ecological, and economic principles, promoting crop diversification, maximizing productivity, utilizing resources more efficiently, and promoting intensive input use. Moreover, it ensures the sustainability of farm resources and the environment in the long term.

The multilayer farming system mainly consists of an overstory of trees or shrubs with an understory of economic or forage crops. By incorporating these principles, farmers can achieve greater yields and financial success while promoting environmental sustainability.

As a part of the program's approach, WOTR (Watershed Organisation Trust, the project implementing partner trained women change-makers) to spread awareness among villagers about the importance of nutrition and a healthy diet. Since 2018, the active promotion of multilayer farming to address food and nutrition insecurity in Maharashtra is undertaken. As a result, 1124 plots across 150 villages in Maharashtra have adopted this unique farming method to enhance food and nutrition security.

The multilayer farming system involves several steps to ensure maximum productivity from the available resources.

1.The first step is land preparation, which involves applying 300 kg of cow dung or vermicompost along with one kg of Trichoderma powder per 36 x 36 feet plot. Trichoderma is a bio-fungicide that helps to prevent fungal infections in plants and roots.
2.Next, eight beds of 3 x 36 feet are prepared with 1.5 to 2 feet of space left in between. These beds need to be arranged in the North-South direction to ensure that plants receive adequate sunlight.
3.After preparing the bed, 1-foot deep channels are dug to drain excess water so ensuring that the crops are not waterlogged.
4.Finally, in the middle of each bed, vegetable and fruit crops are planted according to a crop planning chart. By planting a variety of crops in the same plot, the multilayer farming system ensures the effective utilization of resources and provides an even distribution of income and employment throughout the year by producing several off-season crops.

The multilayer farming system has numerous benefits that make it an effective and sustainable farming method. It makes effective use of soil, water, and other resources, reducing waste and increasing productivity. Additionally the system reduces climate-specific damage and enhances soil health, helping to maintain an ecological balance in the environment. The soil covered minimizes water loss due to soil evaporation, generating a higher income per unit area with an even distribution of income and employment throughout the year. The multilayer farming system generates jobs and allows for better utilization of labor while reducing the impacts of climate-specific hazards such as high-intensity rainfall, soil erosion, and landslides. Multilayer farming also utilizes soil moisture at different depths and solar energy at different heights, improving soil characteristics and adding organic matter to the soil. It reduces pests and disease infestation and provides micro-climate conditions which ensure better productivity of crops underneath. Overall, multilayer farming is a sustainable and efficient farming method that not only maximizes productivity but also enhances soil and environmental health while promoting economic and social well-being.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2018

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间
• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The intervention is a result of experiments and research by WOTR and other agencies at different project locations

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

• Ensure nutritional security

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

注释:

The majority of farmers in various regions tend to practice mono-cropping due to rainfall variability and less rainfall in the region. However, in places where an irrigation source is available, farmers tend to grow second crops in the Rabi season or go for horticulture crops such as fruits and vegetables.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农林业

注释:

The land was mostly converted from mono-cropping systems to a multi-cropping system

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

Multi-cropping systems involve covering the soil with crops throughout the year, which helps to reduce evaporation losses. In addition, irrigation is provided using drip or sprinkler systems to minimize water losses. This approach not only conserves water but also helps to maintain soil moisture levels, leading to higher yields and improved plant health. By adopting these practices, farmers can improve the sustainability and resilience of their agricultural systems.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 灌溉管理（包括供水、排水）
• 家庭花园

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

1. Effective utilization of natural resources
2. Reduces climate-specific damage & enhances soil health and reduces water loss due to evaporation from the soil
3. The income per unit area increases substantially with this system and multilayer farming ensures the yield of some crops throughout the year
4. Utilizes the soil moisture well at different depths of soil and effectively utilizes solar energy at different heights
5. Improve the soil characteristics and adds organic matter to the soil
6. Provides a partial guarantee against the market glut of a single commodity and the efficient cultivation of a range of products is possible

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Multilayer farming covers the soil throughout the year with crops, fruits, and vegetables. The micro-climate enables diversified crops to grow together and provide nutrition to the family through out the year. The year around soil cover reduces soil erosion by wind and flood.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

Multilayer farming improves soil fertility by improving the microbial activities in the soil as the ecosystem of different root zones, plants and organic matter coupled with organic inputs creates a healthy plant environment

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

INR

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

80.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Land Preperation	June
2.	Preperation of beds for seed sowing	June
3.	Sowing of seeds for fruits	Early June
4.	Fencing of the field	Before the sowing

注释:

Farmers can use local resources such as Bamboo or other crop residues for fencing purposes as well. Land needs to be prepared before the onset of monsoon (during the summer season). Once a multilayer plot is established there is no need to prepare the land as well.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Land preparation	person days	2.0	200.0	400.0	100.0
劳动力	Preperation of beds for sowing	Person days	3.0	200.0	600.0	100.0
设备	Fencing material	Lumpsum	1.0	5000.0	5000.0	100.0
植物材料	Seeds for fruit trees (seeds and planting material)	Plant	100.0	50.0	5000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Fram yard manure	Tons	10.0	600.0	6000.0	100.0
其它	Miscellaneous		1.0	2000.0	2000.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					19000.0
技术建立总成本，美元					237.5

注释:

Costs towards labour, farm yard manure and sometimes seeds are internally arranged by the land users thus there may not be any cost to pay.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Sowing of seeds	June-July/October-November/April/March/April
2.	Application of organic manures	Across the year at critical growth stages
3.	Irrigation	Across the year at critical growth stages
4.	Bio-inputs	Based on the plant needs
5.	Harvesting of leafy vegetables, fruits, fodder and other produces	Multiple plucking during the year
6.	Sales of farm produces	Multiple times during the year

注释:

Maintenance activities vary farmers to farmers depending upon the kind of fruits and vegetables planted, availability of resources and land area under cultivation

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Sowing of seeds	Person days	8.0	200.0	1600.0	100.0
劳动力	Application of FYM and other inputs	Person days	5.0	200.0	1000.0	100.0
劳动力	Maintenance and monitoring of the field	Person days	50.0	100.0	5000.0	100.0
劳动力	Harvesting	Person days	20.0	200.0	4000.0	100.0
植物材料	Seeds and planting material	Kg	0.25	1000.0	250.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Farm yard manure and other inputs	Tons	5.0	750.0	3750.0	100.0
其它	Other cost	Lumpsum	1.0	1000.0	1000.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					16600.0
技术维护总成本，美元					207.5

注释:

These farms are mostly managed by the farmers themselves without hiring any additional labour. Thus, labour cost is not something farmers need to pay for.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

1. Availability of family labour to manage the field operations
2. Availability of dairy animals at the household level to meet the FYM needs

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Physiographically the district can be broadly divided in four major characteristic landforms viz., hill and ghat section (7.6% area); foothill zone (19.4% area); plateau (3.71% area) and plains (occupy 69.30% area). The intervention has been implemented in different villages of the district.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

The soil types of the district are broadly divided into four categories namely coarse shallow soil; medium black soil; deep black soil and reddish soil occupying about 38, 41, 13 and 8 percent of the cultivated area respectively. In the first two categories, soil moisture is the predominant limiting factor affecting productivity of crops particularly under rainfed condition. (source-http://www.kvk.pravara.com/pages/District%20Profile/District%20Profile.htm)

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

On an average 26.3 per cent of the cultivated area is under irrigation, out of which 71.5 per cent is under well irrigation (including lift irrigation) and remaining area is under canal irrigation. (http://www.kvk.pravara.com/pages/District%20Profile/District%20Profile.htm)

The overall stage of ground water development for the district is quite high i.e., 79.8%. Further ground water development is not recommended without adhering to the precautionary measures i.e., artificial recharge to augment the ground water resources and adoption of ground water management practices. Ground water quality in the wells
monitored by the concerned authorities in the district is affected because of high NO3 concentrations. (http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Maharashtra/Ahmadnagar.pdf)

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

The majority of the area is under farming. Mono cropping is the generally practiced by farmers.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Most land users covered during the project are small and marginal farmers with land up to 2 ha. The focus has been on women farmers to ensure the self-consumption of diverse food groups harvested from the multi-layer plots. The land users belong to a heterogeneous group of individuals coming from different social backgrounds and caste segments.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

The district is one among the progressive districts of Maharashtra and is well connected with a good network of roads and railways.

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

The impact areas indicated in the document are based on the experience and observations of the land users and field-level workers of implementing agencies. There has not been any scientific study to measure the quantitative impact of the intervention.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

注释:

The micro-climate of the multilayered farm is maintained, enabling the crops to grow well

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 不断变化的市场

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

The Vegetable and fruits crops are modified based on the Household requirement

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Diversified vegetables and fruits available for household consumption
Increase in household income, as the excess produce is sold in the market and also reduced dependency on markets to purchase fruits and vegetables
Small farm plot (1300 sq. ft) is utilized under multilayer farming, remaining farmland is available for cereal, etc

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Water use efficiency because of the use of micro irrigation and reduction of evaporation as the crops and dry matter cover the soil
A good micro-climate of the multilayer farm plot is maintained
Availability of a good range of food groups to farmers may lead to improvement in nutritional parameters especially for women and children
Improved soil health due to mixed cropping system and enhancement soil microbial activities

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Labor engagement throughout the year	Mechanization suitable for small farm plots
Availability of farm yard manure to ensure cultivation following natural farming practices	Promotion of animal husbandry (dairy) in convergence with the government departments

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The produce from multilayer farming is diversified and comes in small quantities. Therefore the selling of these small quantities of produce is done in the local market.	Creation of farmers' collectives for selling larger amounts of produce in the market
Availability of irrigation is important to ensure the sustainability of intervention	Some water based enterprises can be developed to support the farmers not have irrigation facilities

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

How is multilayer farming done?

URL:

https://wotr.org/2020/07/18/how-multilayer-farming-is-done/

标题/说明:

Enhancing Household Food and Nutrition Security With Multilayer Farming

URL:

https://www.csrmandate.org/enhancing-household-food-and-nutrition-security-with-multilayer-farming/

标题/说明:

Kitchen Garden, Multilayer Farming Boost Food Security in Maharashtra

URL:

https://wotr.org/2020/05/07/kitchen-garden-multilayer-farming-boost-food-security-in-maharashtra-2/