1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Decision Support for Mainstreaming and Scaling out Sustainable Land Management (GEF-FAO / DS-SLM)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Land Development Department (Land Development Department) - 泰国

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Centre of Excellence for Soil Research in Asia (CESRA)

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) has been promoted by the Land Development Department as a green manure plant with the objectives of increasing soil organic matter, improving soil fertility and reducing salinity levels.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The Northeast of Thailand has the largest area dedicated to rice production in the country. However, the average yield per hectare remains low. Here, rice production heavily depends on rainfall, but distribution is inconsistent. Additionally, soil fertility is low, with a rapid decline in soil organic matter (SOM). Another significant threat to productivity in this area is salinity, with 17% of the rice production area affected.
The Land Development Department (LDD) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives has promoted the use of soil amendments, such as green manure plants - including sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) - to enhance organic matter and restore soil fertility under saline conditions. Green manures are ploughed under, and incorporated into the soil to achieve their effect.
In the Non Thai district of Nakhon Ratchasima province, farmers face water shortages during the dry season, as the area lies outside the irrigation zone. Farmers, along with officers from the Land Development Department, have worked to increase SOM in degraded soils through knowledge transfer. Volunteer soil doctors and local farmers have adopted technologies that combine SOM improvement with soil and water conservation measures.
One notable example is Mr. Mana Siangsuthia: since 1997, he has collaborated with LDD officers, receiving beneficial microorganisms (PD microorganisms), green manure plants, vetiver grass, and water resources for his paddy fields. He has implemented LDD guidelines to develop his 1.12 hectare rice plot. Previously, this land was unproductive due to soil degradation caused by long-term monoculture of industrial crops and excessive use of synthetic fertilizers.
Fermented bio-extracts from banana shoots and chemical fertilizers were applied according to recommended guidelines. In 2004, rice yields averaged 1,125–1,550 kg/ha. Continuous implementation of these practices raised yields to 2,500 kg/ha by 2011. Over 16 years, using sunn hemp as a soil amendment significantly improved soil aggregate stability and reduced salinity. This success led to a shift towards natural agriculture practices in 2013, where chemical fertilizers were no longer used.
Farmers in the area now employ weather observation techniques and efficient water management strategies during dry spells. Green manure plants are sown every two years, complemented by the cultivation of salt-tolerant rice varieties, which also exhibit drought and pest resistance. These practices have resulted in rice yields of 3,125–3,750 kg/ha.
After rice harvesting, rice straw and stubble are ploughed in together with banana shoot PD 2 bio-extract. After approximately 2 weeks of decomposition, sunn hemp is sown at the rate of 31.25 kg/ha. When sunn hemp reaches 120 days, its seeds are collected. Then sunn hemp stems of around 1.2 meters height are ploughed in order to obtain more biomass.
Water conservation remains a focus in the cultivation area. During the rainy season, excess rainwater is stored for use during dry periods. Additionally, farmers employ techniques to wash salt from the soil surface into drainage channels. Water quality is enhanced using fermented bio-extracts, ensuring adequate water for dry-season cultivation.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

1999

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新
• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The technology arises from land users’ innovation and is supported by external interventions and government agencies that acknowledge the value of technology to the community by providing resources, funding and supporting research and development.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

Rainfed lowland rice can be supported by small ponds for irrigation.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

34.0

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Planting is conducted in between after harvesting rice yields so that Crotalaria juncea ( Sunn hemp) can thrive and give out high biomass.	February-April
2.	Plough and ferment rice stubble together with using PD 2 bio-extracts to create bacterial process in the soil accelerating decomposition taking about 2 weeks. Then, sunn hemp is sowed at the rate of 31.25 kg/ha in the soil with appropriate moisture throughout the plot in order to bring about regular germination.	February-April
3.	Ploughing up and over to cover sunn hemp stubble at the age of 120 days after collecting seeds of sunn hemp whereby the stem of sunn hemp is at the average of more than 1.2 meters resulting in obtaining more biomass. After that, during the period of preparing the area for planting rice, rice can be sowed in May or when there is enough amount of water.	May-August
4.	When the seeds are kept to be used in the following season, the seed coat of sunn hemp is used as material incorporated with soil to make compost for soil amendment in growing vegetables.	May-August

注释:

Ban Kok Phrom Village, Non Thai sub-district, Non Thai district, Nakhon Ratchasima province

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Plow to prepare plots	Time	1.0	14.71	14.71	100.0
劳动力	Sow rice	Time	1.0	17.65	17.65	100.0
劳动力	Pump water	Time	2.0	58.82	117.64	100.0
劳动力	Harvest yield	Time	1.0	183.82	183.82	100.0
植物材料	Rice seeds	Kilogram	8.0	0.53	4.24	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Weight	Liter	40.0	0.29	11.6	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Green Manure	Kilogram	5.0	0.68	3.4	100.0
其它	Oil costs for farm truck	Time	1.0	58.82	58.82	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					411.88
技术维护总成本，美元					12.11

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The Land Development Department does not provide financial support but instead supports agricultural production inputs, such as green manure seeds and raw materials for compost production.

注释:

Calculation of costs and expenses
Expenses are calculated per areas using technology (Unit of size and area: 1.12 ha)
The currency used to calculate expenses with the unit as Baht
Exchange rate (to US. dollars) 1 US. Dollars = 34.0 Baht
Average wage in hiring labor per day is 8.82 USD

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

1. Labour costs
2. Fuel costs

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

是

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	适度

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
热浪	适度
干旱	适度

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 11-50%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 11-50%

注释:

The land users are responsible for covering the costs themselves. The Land Development Department provides support by supplying green manure seeds to demonstrate and test whether growing green manure crops can effectively improve saline soil.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Farmers manage soil and water use integrated farming methods, leading to additional income opportunities
Farmers in the area are committed to overcoming challenges and limitation related to soil, water, and environmental conditions

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Support for forming farmer groups in the area to exchange knowledge on soil management for increasing crop yields and addressing local farming issues, as well as developin professions for community farmers. This includes promotiong the production of safe

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Quality problems of Sunn hemp seeds result in low germination rates.	Land Development Department officials inspect the quality of seeds before they are distributed to farmers.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Sustainable soil management practices in Asia

URL:

https://e-library.ldd.go.th/library/Ebook/bib10906.pdf