1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Soil and water protection (EU-SOWAP)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Farmin & wildlife advisory group (FWAG) - 英国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

21/02/2005

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Surface cultivation of up to the top 10cm of soil but not complete inversion

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Machinery with discs or tines replace the plough for minimal cultivations of the soil. Equally crops may be established by no-tillage/ zero-tillage.

Purpose of the Technology: (i) soil protection (ii) improved crop establishment particularly through the speeding up of of operations.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: appropriate machinery, soil condition and following crop all determine establishment. Maintenance: on an annual basis.

Natural / human environment: SOWAP (ww.sowap.org) project working with farmer to protect environment and maintain economic viability

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

From the USA where in the 1930's the 'dust-bowls' necessitated the development of soil conservation in intensive agriculture.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion and compaction caused by inappropriate land use and intensive grazing respectively
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Soil erosion and capping of the soil
Type of cropping system and major crops comments: winter wheat - winter oilseed rape - winter wheat - beans - winter wheat

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 300, Longest growing period from month to month: Sep - Jul

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 最小的土壤扰动

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.007 m2.
Farm is a total of 126ha of which 28ha are grazed, 9ha are under environmental stewardship and 7ha are set aside. The total SWC technology area represents a project demonstration plot.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Type of agronomic measures: early planting, mulching, mineral (inorganic) fertilizers, minimum tillage, breaking compacted subsoil

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (agricultural causes: focus on yields), labour availability (too much labour: attempting to maintain rural employment)
Secondary causes of degradation: education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of knowledge), insufficient time for farmers to consider the issu

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate
Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: improvement of soil structure
Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase in soil fertility

Early planting
Material/ species: crop
Quantity/ density: depends on
Remarks: residue chopped + spread over width of combine

Mulching
Material/ species: crop residue
Quantity/ density: up to 5t/h

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: N,P,K, trace elements
Remarks: broadcast

Breaking compacted subsoil
Remarks: when required

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

£

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

0.56

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Year1: light cultivation with discs	农业学的	3rd-4th week in August / per crop
2.	Year1: spray with non-selective herbicide (glyphosate)	农业学的	late August/ early September / per crop
3.	Year1: drill	农业学的	late August/ early September, 3-4 days after spraying / per crop
4.	Year1: roll (optional)	农业学的	after drilling / per crop

注释:

Additional info: - Year2: drill: mid September / per crop - Year2: roll: mid September / per crop - Year3: shallow sub-soil: November / per crop - Year3: drill: November / per crop

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
设备	Equipment (year1) machine hour	ha	1.0	148.0	148.0	100.0
设备	Equipment (year2) machine hour	ha	1.0	166.0	166.0	100.0
设备	Equipment (year3) machine hour	ha	1.0	113.0	113.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					427.0

注释:

Machinery/ tools: Vaderstad Carrier, Vaderstad drill and roller

Only crop establishment costs are included as all other costs - seed, fertilisers, pesticides - are equivalent with those for conventionally mouldboard ploughing. The costs highlghted include labour. Equivalent crop establishment costs by ploughing are 225 (year1), 231 (year2), 190 (year3)

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

slope (steeper slopes require more horsepower), state of the soil, climate, crop

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is medium

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: < 0.5%
5% of the land users are very rich and own 20% of the land.
10% of the land users are rich and own 20% of the land.
85% of the land users are average wealthy and own 60% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: Contracting work forms greater part of income

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

• Other

土地使用权:

• 租赁

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
1 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: Driven by economics

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
ncreased work rate making operations quicker
Better trafficability
Less at risk of weather
Earlier drilling. It is a systems approach - minimum tillage combined with early drilling and low seed rates

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Increased work rate and cost effectiveness
Improved soil organic matter
Imrpoved water quality
Improved soil biodiversity

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Dependent on dry weather	Co-operation with other farmers or larger acreage
Machinery more complex and expensive	A combination of crop rotation, pesticides and stale seedbeds
Increasing grass weed populations	Does not necessarily mean spending money eg utilising old equipment on farm like subsoilers. However, need the right attitude
Need to be experimental	Accept advice for varying sources, talk to different people
Advice can be fragmented/ confusing

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Technological knowledge of farmer	Training and education, dissemination
Initial high capital investment	Extended finance
Possible increasing weed populations	More diverse management options - cultural and chemical
Need to expand acreage to cover capital costs	More diverse crop rotation but perhaps this is insufficient to retain economic viability

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

FWAG (Farming and Wildlife Advisory group)

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

www.fwag.org.uk

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

SMI

URL:

www.smi.org.uk

标题/说明:

L and D farming

URL:

www.landdfarming.co.uk

标题/说明:

Vaderstad machinery

URL:

www.vaderstad.com

标题/说明:

SOWAP project

URL:

www.sowap.org