1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO Food and Agriculture Organization) - 意大利

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Saba Saba Water Resource Users Association (Saba Saba WRUA) - 肯尼亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

The technology is based on tree plantation of several species (i.e. Grevillea robusta, Psidium guava, Bambusa vulgaris ) along the riparian land of the farmer.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The practice carried out voluntary by the farmer consists of planting trees at the edge of the river bank and in its proximity.

Purpose of the Technology: By increasing vegetation cover (started 10 year ago) the intention of the farmer is to reduce and control bank erosion and landslides in the riparian land.
The degradation in this area is in fact evident and it is partially explained by the reduced vegetative cover. The planted trees help to maintain water quality by filtering silt and organic materials from rainwater runoff from the upper area and at the same time reinforce the streambank to control erosion. Another important environmental benefit is the increased carbon allocation from the new root systems.
The farmer also mentioned the interest to continue expanding tree plantation also in view of carbon credit and financial support from local authorities: in particular bamboo, which reaches maturity in few years, can be harvested after about two years and is easy to propagate (vegetatively).
Grevillea trees (timber) are seen by the farmer as a form of saving, and sold out when the farmer is in need of cash, earning between 800 up to 1500 KSh (Kenyan Shillings), depending on the size of the tree and the costs for cutting- transportation (e.g. machine operator between 500-700 KSh).

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The initial inputs for the establishment of the vegetative practices concern mainly labour (e.g. planting trees) and the cost of the seedlings (10 KSh seedlings of Grevillea, 20 KSh of Guava); generally these activities are carried out at the beginning of the rainy season. Pruning of Grevillea is done every three seasons.

Natural / human environment: The climate is sub humid with two rainy seasons (the first starts around March and the second around October). Near the river the area is characterized by gentle slope and deposition of sediments and bank erosion are the main processes; the risks of further degradation and water pollution are reduced by the riparian vegetation and thanks to the good land management practices of the surrounding farmers. The riparian land is the area of min 6-30 m around the river and it is considered by law a protected area; therefore it should be left intact from any human activity (Water Act, 2002). Indeed, the 'control' and daily management is carried out by the riparian farmers in collaboration with Sabasaba WRUA and WRMA, the official authority for the management of the water of the river and the riparian land.
In this site in particular, the water of the river is considered clean by the farmer interviewed, despite the fact that during rainy seasons the sediment loads affect the quality of the water.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新

注释（项目类型等）:

Since year 2000 the farmer has been adopted SWC practices: this in reply to the prolonged degrading situation at the hedge of the river: 'natural vegetation was 'not good' and so 'it was no properly holding the soil', he said.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Tree plantation of several species (i.e. Grevillea robusta, Psidium guava, Bambusa vulgaris )

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Risk of bank erosion and deposition of sediments in the river. See Appendix 3. Fig. 2.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Bank erosion. See Appendix 3. Fig. 3

Other type of forest: few lines of Grevillea/Bamboes: According to the definitions adopted FAO (FRA, 2010) the land could not be considered as wooded land (less than 0.5 ha).

Problems / comments regarding forest use: Bamboos are planted because of environmental benefits of this plant to stabilize riverbank. Other potential uses: e.g. wood is used to make baskets, fences and various kind of construction; leaves are used to feed chickens. The hollow sections between nodes are used to make containers. Indeed, the farmer let neighbours to clear and use some bamboos.

Forest products and services: nature conservation / protection

Other forest products and services: source of cash

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 改良植物品种/动物品种

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Secondary measures: agronomic measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -along boundary, scattered / dispersed

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wr: riverbank erosion, Hp: decline of surface water quality

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wm: mass movements / landslides

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Poor vegetation cover, mainly herbaceous), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Especially during wet seasons: March-June and October-November)

Secondary causes of degradation: other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Footslope area (sediments deposition)), land tenure (Previous poor management SWC measures, especially in the upper areas)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Digging holes / Planting pits (1 feet×1feet Grevillea)	Beginning of the season (March/April)

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Digging holes	Persons/day	4.0	1.75	7.0	100.0
植物材料	Seedlings Grevillea	pieces	25.0	0.28	7.0	100.0
植物材料	Seedlings Guava	pieces	5.0	0.2	1.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					15.0
技术建立总成本，美元					15.0

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Pruning Grevillea and let branches dry for firewood	Every 3 seasons
2.	Clearing Grevillea for sale	When in need of cash (not regularly), at least 5 years after planting

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Pruning Grevillea	Persons/day	1.0	4.0	4.0	100.0
劳动力	Clearing Grevillea for sale	Persons/day	1.0	7.0	7.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					11.0
技术维护总成本，美元					11.0

注释:

Machinery/ tools: shovel, machete, hoe

The costs summarized above have been calculated considering one year activities; Bamboos do not require establishment/maintenance costs and therefore do not appear in the balance sheet costs.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

An important constraining factor is labour cost for clearing Grevillea.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: 1434 m a.s.l.

Landforms: Footslopes are the the areas in which this technology has maximum extent.

Slopes on average: Gentle in the riparian land.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is low

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

Off-farm income specification: The farmer is rich because he owns 3 acre of land and livestock, assets (electricity) which are above the average standards of the community. The farmer is retired from an accountancy service position several years ago.

Market orientation of production system: Timber of Grevillea is sold in feet.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

注释:

Water use rights depend on the use: open access for drinking and domestic uses.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	未知

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	不好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	未知

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Grevillea is good for timber producion. How can they be sustained / enhanced? More trees could be planted, but because of 'lack of money' he can not afford it.
Bamboos are good in holding the soil How can they be sustained / enhanced? Leaves could be actually used to feed chickens; planting the 'giant bamboos' also for food consumption.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The Technology is easy to adopt, specially Bamboos plantation, since it does not require significant input and knowledge How can they be sustained / enhanced? It could be implemented in the long run also because the farmer is willing to earmark part of his land for a nursery. The intention is to support the nursery with free seedlings, which could be later distributed among the riparian farmers of the community.
Bambos spreads easily through cuttings and it has different beneficial uses (baskets, fences and various kinds of construction). How can they be sustained / enhanced? Other type of Bamboos could be used as: Dendrocalamus giganteus for food consumption and Arundinaria alpina.
Grevillea plantation has benefits in holding soil. It helps to reduce evaporation from the soil since it makes good shadow. How can they be sustained / enhanced? To increase biodiversity other indigenous sps. could be also planted, among others: Croton megalocarpus (Mũkindũri) a medicinal tree that attracts a lot of bees when in flower, resulting in excellent white honey. The seeds contain oil. Sesbania sesban/keniensis (Mwethia), a nitrogen fixers plant which therefore helps to increase soil fertility.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Kikuyu botanical Dictionary 2nd Ed.:A guide to plants names, uses and cultural values. Muruga Gachathi, 2007.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

KEFRI, Nairobi

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Smallholder timber and firewood marketing in the coffee and cotton/tobacco zones ofeastern Mount Kenya. Holding et al., 2006.

URL:

http://www.coford.ie/media/coford/content/publications/projectreports/small-scaleforestryconference/Holding.pdf

标题/说明:

Lovett, S. & Price, P. (eds), 2007, Principles for riparian lands management, Land & Water Australia, Canberra. (Ch. 2 Diversity and dynamics of riparian vegetation, Ch.6 The influence of riparian management on stream erosion)

URL:

http://lwa.gov.au/files/products/river-landscapes/px061170/px061170-chapter-1.pdf

标题/说明:

Water Act (The), 2002. N8. The National Water Services Strategy

URL:

http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/ken37553-a.pdf and http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/ken37553-b.pdf