1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - 瑞士

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

NCCR North-South (NCCR North-South) - 吉尔吉斯斯坦

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

CARITAS (Switzerland) - 瑞士

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Conversion of wheat monocropping into an Alfalfa plot with the aim to establish an orchard

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In 2009 the farmer changed his wheat plot into an Alfalfa plot where he also planted fruit tree seedlings in between to establish an orchard. One hectare is used for the perennial cropping of Alfalfa. Alfalfa cropping supplements beneficial soil functions which are crucial for the establishment of an orchard. The plot lies on a narrow plateau next to other wheat crops. The plot is mainly bordered by fruit and nut orchards on a gentle slope, and by a steep slope of the riverbed. A solid fence prevents boars from entering the area through the nut orchard. The plot is not accessible by the steep slope. Two fences are built from the side of the neighboring wheat plots. One fence works like an entrance gate to all the plots on that plateau. A second fence indicates the boundaries between the farmers' Alfalfa crop and the wheat plots belonging to other farmers. The whole family is working on the farm land, consisting of several plots which are distributed over the valley. The children are mainly guarding the cropland.

Purpose of the Technology: In order to establish an orchard, first the farmer planted Alfalfa, which maintains more moisture in the soil and hence creates favorable conditions for tree growth. The wheat cropping was drying out the soil. Therefore during heavy rainfall events water infiltration was limited, and the strong runoff washed away the wheat crop. It was the farmer’s initiative to change the crop management, but Caritas Switzerland supported him with a financial grant. Alfalfa can be harvested several times a year, which he can use as fodder for the livestock or as cash crop.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The first year after the crop rotation there was no benefit, as the Alfalfa did not give any harvest yet. According to the farmer, Alfalfa seeds were relatively cheap (15 TJS per kg) and result in a good harvest. Currently he is harvesting Alfalfa three times a year, wheat could only be harvested once a year. The whole family was involved in the establishment of the alfalfa crop and tree planting, by ploughing, sawing Alfalfa, planting the seedlings and constructing the fence. Despite the fence, the crop is often guarded by the farmer or his children because boars enter his property. After the first year some seedlings dried out which he had to replace. Presently, little maintenance is required, only guarding and cutting Alfalfa.

Natural / human environment: The farmer’s plot is situated on a plateau on the other side of the riverbed, from where the village of Momandion is located. It takes some 15 minutes to get from their house to the plot. One of his neighbors adopted the technology of sowing Alfalfa and planting fruit tree seedlings.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新

注释（项目类型等）:

Farmers idea, one third was payed by himself, the rest was supported by Caritas

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion, poor nutrient and moisture availability in the soil, high runoff

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Soil erosion, poor soil moisture availability, high runoff, declining yields

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Mixed: Mf: Agroforestry

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Fruits of growing orchard will be food and probably cash crop in future

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

注释:

Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良植物品种/动物品种

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: management measures

Secondary measures: agronomic measures

Type of agronomic measures: cover cropping

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wo: offsite degradation effects, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Pk: sealing and crusting

Main causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub), poverty / wealth (Fear of food insecurity pushed farmer to plant wheat, year by year)

Secondary causes of degradation: education, access to knowledge and support services (No knowledge about alternative and beneficial land management)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Main goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Buying and planting 600 trees: 10 Min/ tree for digging	once
2.	After first year: 100 trees dried out	once
3.	Fencing 400 m, by 6-7 pers, 10-11 days (8 h a day)	once (spring)

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Planting trees	Persons/day	12.5	12.4	155.0	37.0
劳动力	Planting trees for replacment	Persons/day	2.1	12.4	26.04	100.0
劳动力	Plowing labour	Persons/day	1.0	12.4	12.4
劳动力	Sowing	Persons/day	0.27	12.4	3.35
设备	Plowing machine	days	1.0	103.5	103.5	37.0
设备	Petrol	litres	120.0	1.1383333	136.6	37.0
植物材料	Buying trees	trees	600.0	0.62116666	372.7	37.0
植物材料	Buying tree replacments	trees	100.0	1.035	103.5	100.0
植物材料	Seeds	kg	20.0	3.1	62.0	37.0
施工材料	Fence	area	1.0	1490.7	1490.7	37.0
技术建立所需总成本					2465.79
技术建立总成本，美元					2465.79

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Caritas

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Harvesting/Cutting Alfalfa 3 times and seeds 1 time, 8 Pers one week (first cut)	4 times a year
2.	Soil loosening around 600 trees	spring/ once
3.	Looking after the orchard, 2 or 5 hours per day	every day
4.	Pruning after 5 years (in future), one month	spring/ once every five years

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Soil loosening	Persons/day	9.375	12.4	116.25	100.0
劳动力	Looking after orchard	days	365.0			100.0
劳动力	Pruning after 5 years	Persons/day	25.0	12.4	310.0	100.0
劳动力	Harvesting/Cutting Alfalfa	Persons/day	192.0	12.4	2380.8	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					2807.05
技术维护总成本，美元					2807.05

注释:

2.5.4.2 Harvesting and cutting labour input is estimated proportinally to the expected yield. The first cut has a max. yield, the second yield amounts up to 70%, the third some 50% of the initial yield. Labour input for harvest might be to high as it was not indicated by hours, but by days. The farmer paid only a part of the initial costs, which amount some 37% of the total costs.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Fencing is very expensive due to high material costs. It is a very laborious and time consuming work.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Landforms hill slopes: Nut and fruit orchard right above the crop

Landforms foot slopes: Plateau

Slopes on average: 12-16%

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility: High

Soil drainage / infiltration: Medium

Soil water storage capacity: High

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Availability of surface water medium: Winter and spring season with frequent rainfalls (700mm)

Availability of surface water poor/none: no rainfall from July to August

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

Level of mechanization manual labour: Everything except plowing

Level of mechanization mechanised: Plowing

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 租赁

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

注释:

Land ownership is based on the land user certificate conferred by the government.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	未知

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好
局地风暴	未知

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	不好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Alfalfa seeds are more expensive than other seeds (e.g. wheat) and in the first year just one cut can be done. In the second year already several cuts are possible and assure a high yield. It is expensive to establish an orchard and in the first 5 years there is no harvest.

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

1 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

1 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: Neighboring farmer adopted Technology on one of his plots (even though less technical), other is interested.

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
After one time sowing, several cuts are possible from the second year on. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Spread the experience of the farmer.
Perennial crops are beneficial to soil and increases the income of the farmer. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Spread technology through demonstrations, work shops etc.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Alfalfa gives good yield and is a good conservation measure for soil and water. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Workshops or institutional incentives for farmers to promote perennial crops.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
First year might result in more input than output because just one cut is possible and an orchard must grow at least 5 years to give fruits.	Raise awareness about long-term benefits or give incentives in the establishment phase.

7.1 信息的方法/来源