技术

Seedling [西班牙]

创建： 06/10/2015 10:10 a.m.
更新： 06/21/2019 4:54 p.m.
编制者： Artemi Cerda
编辑者： –
审查者： Fabian Ottiger, David Streiff, Alexandra Gavilano

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technologies_1266 - 西班牙

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完整性： 57%

1. 一般信息

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Based on post-fire assessment and in areas more prone to erosion, the seedlings will provide a short term soil cover that buffers the raindrop impact and decreases soil erosion.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

A wildfire is expected for the summer 2015 in the Caroig mountain range. The area was afforested by Aleppo pines during the 20th century and nowadays the landscape is composed of mature Aleppo pines at different stages of development and shrub vegetation in the understorey.

The research team of the University of Valencia will implement an experiment based on the seedling technique in order to reduce post-fire soil losses.

Purpose of the Technology: Seedlings in a post-fire environment will provide soil cover after the seed establishment, decreasing raindrops energy on soil surface and thus soil erosion.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The seeds will be obtained from greenhouse markets nearby (25 km) the research area. Festuca sp. will be used as the main species.

Natural / human environment: The Aleppo pine trees in the region are typically planted as mono-culture for wood production. The landscape reflects a long history of intense land management, with a mosaic of (semi-)natural and man-made agricultural (terraces) and afforested lands. Since the 1970´s, however, wildfires have increased dramatically in frequency and extent, driven primarily by socio-economic changes.

2.3 技术照片

媒体库

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

西班牙

区域/州/省:

Spain

有关地点的进一步说明:

Valencia

具体说明该技术的分布:

均匀地分布在一个区域

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

减少、预防、恢复土地退化
适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响

reduce impact of disasters

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

森林/林地

植树造林

Aleppo pines

植树造林：说明树种的起源和组成:

单一栽培的本地品种

产品和服务:

木材
薪材
水果和坚果
其它森林产品
放牧/啃牧
自然保持/保护
娱乐/旅游
自然灾害防护

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): In a post-fire environment, peak runoff and soil erosion rates are expected, resulting in a decrease of on-site fertility and derived off-site effects such as loss of water quality, reservoirs water volume storage, higher risk of flooding and harm to human beings.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Loss of wood resources.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

改良的地面/植被覆盖
减少基于生态系统的灾害风险

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

农艺措施

A1：植被和土壤覆盖层

植物措施

V2：草和多年生草本植物

管理措施

M5：物种组成的控制/变化

注释:

Secondary measures: management measures

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

Wt：表土流失/地表侵蚀

注释:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Monoculture plantations are prone to wildfire), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (forest fires), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Post-fire high intensity rainfalls promotes soil erosion)

Secondary causes of degradation: population pressure (Depopulation increase fire risk)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

减少土地退化

注释:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范（与技术图纸相关）:

Experimental design of a seedling experience in a wildfire area.

Location: Valencia. Spain

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (Main concern deals with the selection of the suitable areas to implement the seedling.)

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Main concern deals with the selection of the suitable areas to implement the seedling.)

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, improvement of ground cover, increase of surface roughness, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), improvement of subsoil structure (hardpan), stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, water harvesting / increase water supply, water spreading, improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water, reduction in wind speed, increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder), control of fires, reduction of dry material (fuel for wildfires), spatial arrangement and diversification of land use

作者:

Gonzalez-Pelayo, Oscar, University of Valencia. Dept. of Geography. Blasco Ibañez 28. 46010. Valencia. Spain

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Difficult accessibility and steep slopes will increase the costs for seeding.

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量

< 250毫米
251-500毫米
501-750毫米
751-1,000毫米
1,001-1,500毫米
1,501-2,000毫米
2,001-3,000毫米
3,001-4,000毫米
> 4,000毫米

有关降雨的规范/注释:

Mediterranean climate with concentred precipitation in february-may and september-december months. Drought from june to september

农业气候带

半湿润
半干旱

Transition zone between semiarid and subhumid

Thermal climate class: tropics

Thermal climate class: subtropics

Thermal climate class: temperate

Thermal climate class: boreal

Thermal climate class: polar/arctic

5.2 地形

平均坡度:

水平（0-2%）
缓降（3-5%）
平缓（6-10%）
滚坡（11-15%）
崎岖（16-30%）
陡峭（31-60%）
非常陡峭（>60%）

地形:

高原/平原
山脊
山坡
山地斜坡
麓坡
谷底

垂直分布带:

0-100 m a.s.l.
101-500 m a.s.l.
501-1,000 m a.s.l.
1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
> 4,000 m a.s.l.

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Slopes on average: Also steep (31-60%)

Landforms: Also hill slopes

Altitudinal zone: 650-700 meters above sea level

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:

非常浅（0-20厘米）
浅（21-50厘米）
中等深度（51-80厘米）
深（81-120厘米）
非常深（> 120厘米）

土壤质地（表土）:

中粒（壤土、粉土）

表土有机质:

高（>3%）

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: Very shallow (Leptosol) and shallow (Cambisol)

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage/infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is high

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

地下水位表:

5-50米

地表水的可用性:

中等

水质（未处理）:

仅供农业使用（灌溉）

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Availability of surface water: Few permanent water courses in the area

5.5 生物多样性

物种多样性:

中等

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

个人或集体:

团体/社区

性别:

女人
男人

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

< 0.5 公顷
0.5-1 公顷
1-2 公顷
2-5公顷
5-15公顷
15-50公顷
50-100公顷
100-500公顷
500-1,000公顷
1,000-10,000公顷
> 10,000公顷

这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的（参照当地实际情况）？:

中等规模的

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

健康:

贫瘠
适度的
好

教育:

贫瘠
适度的
好

技术援助:

贫瘠
适度的
好

就业（例如非农）:

贫瘠
适度的
好

市场:

贫瘠
适度的
好

能源:

贫瘠
适度的
好

道路和交通:

贫瘠
适度的
好

饮用水和卫生设施:

贫瘠
适度的
好

金融服务:

贫瘠
适度的
好

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

作物生产

降低

增加

作物质量

降低

增加

饲料生产

降低

增加

饲料质量

降低

增加

畜牧生产

降低

增加

木材生产

降低

增加

森林/林地质量

降低

增加

水资源可用性和质量

饮用水的可用性

降低

增加

社会文化影响

SLM/土地退化知识

减少

改良

冲突缓解

恶化

改良

生态影响

水循环/径流

地表径流

增加

降低

蒸发

增加

降低

土壤

土壤覆盖层

减少

改良

土壤流失

增加

降低

土壤结壳/密封

增加

减少

土壤压实

增加

减少

其它生态影响

competition

decreased

increased

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

下游淤积

增加

降低

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	不好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好
局地风暴	未知

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	未知

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	未知

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	未知

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
It is a technology easy to apply. Main concerns deals with the area suitable for its application. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Some researchers are sensitive to use coated seeds with surfactant to improve seed establishment.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The seed establishment when prolonged drought periods.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Main disadvantages deals with the seed establishment after a wildfire in the usual mediterranean summer water scarcity conditions.	The use of coated seeds with surfactant could improve seed establishment.