1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Terraces are constructions built mainly in hilly areas to reduce water erosion losses from cultivated erodible soils and for water conservation.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Bench terrace is the main type of terraces existing in the area of Chania. Land terracing is mainly found in the middle and upper zone of the study area and especially in steep slopes and in soils formed mainly in shale or conglomerates parent material. The land in which terraces have been constructed is estimated to 7.7% of the total area of Chania. Some bench terraces have been constructed recently in very steep slopes for cultivating the land.

Local agronomists recommend the construction of terraces as a measure for soil erosion protection in hilly areas.

The first step for construction of bench terrace is to clear the field of trash, dead furrows are filled in, and small ridges are levelled. The interval between terraces depends on soil characteristics and amount of rainfall. Usually, it is not recommended space interval narrower than 30 meters. Terrace system design usually begins with a technician evaluating the water regime of the field from observations, soil surveys, and other information. The next decision is whether waterways should follow natural draws or be constructed on new sites. The channel along the terrace for removing excess of runoff water is at least 30 to 45 cm deep and the maximum allowed gradient 0.4% for most soils to avoid serious erosion. Terrace layout begins from the highest point of the field. The vertical fall and slope gradient from the high point to the approximate site of the top terrace, usually 30 to 50 m downslope (depending on gradient), is determined with an engineering level. It is usually preferable to begin staking a terrace at the waterway and work up to the top end. Usually some stakes need to be reset to avoid short, sharp curves and to make field work parallel to the terrace easier. The first layout of a terrace system seldom achieves the most satisfactory design. Some unexpected topographical feature may show up and necessitate changing one or more terrace lines. The final terrace positions should be identified by plough furrows or other implement marks before construction begins. Conventional terraces can be built with bulldozers, motor patrol graders, carryall scrapers, elevating grader terracers, mould-board ploughs, disk tillers with 60 cm or larger disks, and with hand tools and baskets, headpans, or other carrying devices. Terraces rarely should be longer than 600 m. Terraces should not be longer than 375 m on already gullied land. Longer terraces need to be sub¬divided with an outlet provided for each segment. Terraces must be wide enough to accommodate the equipment that will be used in the field, generally not less than 4.5 m. The flatter these slopes are, the easier is to farm but the more expensive they are to build. Trees are usually planted in the upper part of the terrace. In modern terraced fields crop cultivation is fully mechanized. In such terraced fields all farm operations should carried out as nearly as parallel to the terrace as possible to minimize water and soil movement between terraces and to reduce damage to the terrace ridges. The most evident effect of tillage operations, after several years is the increase in the base width of the terrace. The best method of maintaining the shape of the terrace cross section and counteracting erosion from the inter-terraced area is by ploughing with a reversible mouldboard. In steep slopes is recommended to keep the natural vegetation in the part of the steep slope for soil erosion protection.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion and loss of water
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Difficulties in cultivatiing the land and harvesting the olive fruits
Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Ct: Tree and shrub cropping
Livestock is grazing on crop residues

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农林业

注释:

Mixed: Mf: Agroforestry

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 横坡措施

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Clearing of natural vegetation for planting olives. Natural vegetation is kept in the steep slope for soil erosion protection), inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …) (access to the field by machineries)
Secondary causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (destroying soil characteristics)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Euro

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

1.39

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Shaping the land using a bulldoze and constructing terraces, cost 1950 euro/ha	once

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
设备	machine use	ha	1.0	1950.0	1950.0
技术建立所需总成本					1950.0
技术建立总成本，美元					1402.88

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	clearing waterways, and checking terraces for collapse, cost 60 euro/ha	once per year

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
设备	machine use	ha	1.0	60.0	60.0
技术维护所需总成本					60.0
技术维护总成本，美元					43.17

注释:

Machinery/ tools: Bullldoze
year 2011

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Slope angle, soil depth, parent material

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Difference in the involvement of women and men: Women use to work in the house
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%
50% of the land users are average wealthy.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	不好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• > 50%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 51-90%

注释:

15% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
150 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
85% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
240 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
increase of farmers income from the land exploitation in less favourable areas

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Land terracing is one of the soil conservation and cultivation techniques for combating land desertification . It is a practice applied to reduce rainfall runoff on sloping land, from accumulating and causing serious problems of soil erosion. Terraces, usually allow better management of soil and water, improve access to land and facilitate farm operations.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Planning of land terracing	Local institutes and experts to help them

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Disturbing natural environment and landscapes	Better planning

7.1 信息的方法/来源