1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: Making sense of research for sustainable land management (GLUES)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Climate Change - Land Use Strategies (CC-LandStraD / GLUES)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Thünen Institute (Thünen Institute) - 德国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Grassland preservation by the avoidance of ploughing up of grassland and its transformation into cropland

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Increasing demand for food, feed and bioenergy provokes an increased demand for cropland. This leads to intensification of grassland and conversion of e.g. grassland to cropland. By converting grassland to cropland the enhanced mineralization of organic soil matter leads to high emissions of the greenhouse gases CO2 and, in a much lower extent, N2O. the other way around, if cropland is converted to grassland a long-term carbon sink is established that accumulates high amounts of carbon. Nevertheless the conversion of cropland to grassland cannot compensate GHG emissions caused by conversion of grassland to cropland. Due to the soil structure and characteristics C-sequestration in the soil is higher for grassland than for cropland and within the grasslands it is substantially higher for old, humus-rich and boggy sites (e.g. fens or peatbogs) than for young grassland on mineral soils (Schuler et al. 2014). GHG emissions from converting grassland to cropland are more than 12.5 times per areaunit higher for organic than for mineral soils (own calculations after UBA 2014). Avoiding conversion of grassland into cropland avoids on average 10 tCO2-equ/ha*a considering a time-period of ten years (Osterburg et al. 2009).

Purpose of the Technology: The aim of grassland preservation is to avoid/reduce GHG emissions and maintain and develop a carbon sink. Furthermore, grassland habitats have higher biodiversity than croplands and are, in general, less intensively managed. Thus, inputs of fertilizers and pesticides are lower, which is beneficial for water quality regardless of how intensively the grassland is managed. Unlike cropland, grassland is not ploughed or harrowed annually, resulting in better soil protection and a lower risk of erosion; the latter because of the year-round vegetation cover.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: During a research project, the interdependencies between climate change and land use were analysed, and different strategies for sustainable land use management in Germany were modelled. Relevant land use measures which can contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions were evaluated with respect to climate mitigation, bioenergy by biomass, environmental and biodiversity protection (www.cc-landstrad.de). Grassland preservation is one land use practice which showed multiple advantages compared to cropland (after conversion from pasture): these were higher carbon sequestration and lower GHG emissions, better soil protection against erosion, and improved water storage capacity. The disadvantages and thus trade-off of grassland preservation are foregoing production of high-yielding cash crops, higher labour demand per hectare, and lower agricultural income. However, given the importance of preserving carbon stocks accumulated under grassland, the existing pastures should be retained wherever possible. The preservation of grassland is recommended everywhere, but especially for areas with organic soils/peaty soils - as high GHG emissions are the consequence otherwise.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Introduction of Cross Compliance (requirement for direct payment) in 2005 in the EU for protection and preservation of grassland
Technology has been refined and increased its significance especially in the past 10 years.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Increasing demand for cropland area, and higher income options by cultivating cropland rather than grassland, thus loss of GHGs through conversion.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Increasing demand for cropland area. Grassland conversion into cropland might increase the farmer’s income if the soil is suitable for cropping.
Ranching: Cattle, sheep, horses
Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: Yes
Improved pasture: Yes

Number of growing seasons per year: 1
Longest growing period in days: 235
Livestock density: 50-100 LU /km2

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 最小的土壤扰动

• Carbon sink

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (land use change connected with ploughing), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (annual), increasing demand for land

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	The costs depend on the intensity of the management, the more intensive the use the higher the cost (e.g. reseeding etc.)

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	135.0	135.0	100.0
设备	Machine use	ha	1.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
植物材料	Seeds	ha	1.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					335.0
技术维护总成本，美元					335.0

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

There are no direct costs if grassland is not converted but managed as before but there might be opportunity costs: If a farmer would convert his grassland to cropland and cultivate arable crops he might have a higher profit than he would have from grassland cultivation.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: Very shallow-shallow (Aspects not relevant. Further, grasslands are distributed german-wide and thus conditions are diverse)
Soil texture (Aspects not relevant. Further, grasslands are distributed german-wide and thus conditions are diverse).
Soil fertility (Aspects not relevant. Further, grasslands are distributed german-wide and thus conditions are diverse).
Topsoil organic matter (Aspects not relevant. Further, grasslands are distributed german-wide and thus conditions are diverse).
Soil drainage/infiltration is good
Soil water storage capacity is very high

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Especially extensive grassland is species rich and contains rare and specialized species

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 200-500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: < 0.5%
Market orientation of production system: nature conservation

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名

• NGO

土地使用权:

• 个人

注释:

human environment: Grassland per household: Grassland 4.700.000 ha, farms 300.000

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

main cost are opportunity cost of arable land use, they occur yearly.

6.5 技术采用

注释:

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: Within the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU reform grassland protection is enhanced since 1 January 2015. In Germany the conversion of grassland is subject to approval and in general only permitted if the same area converted is established as grassland in the same region.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Conservation/restoration of regional typically landscapes.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
By avoiding conversion of grassland to cropland huge amounts of GHG emissions can be avoided. Further advantages are a lower risk of soil erosion, possible flood prevention, lower levels of fertilizers and pesticides leaching into runoff waters, and higher biodiversity conservation.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The income from grassland might – if location factors like soil, water availability are suitable – be lower than it would be for cropland. Thus, there can be high opportunity costs of preserving grassland.	Grassland preservation can be enhanced by legal restrictions. Financial incentives for land users make grassland preservation more attractive from an economical point of view.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

UBA (2014)

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/schwerpunkte-2014

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Osterburg B et al. (2009) Erfassung, Bewertung und Minderung von Treibhausgasemissionen des deutschen Agrar- und Ernährungssektors.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Studie im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz. Arbeitsberichte aus der vTI-Agrarökonomie 2009/03, Braunschweig, Hamburg, Trenthorst

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Schuler J et al. (2014) Instrumente zur Stärkung von Synergien zwischen Natur- und Klimaschutz im Bereich Landbewirtschaftung

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

BfN-Skripten, pp. 187. Bonn, Bad Godesberg

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/berichterstattung-unter-der-klimarahmenkonvention

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/berichterstattung-unter-der-klimarahmenkonvention

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

URL:

http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/submission-under-the-united-nations-framework