1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

09/05/2017

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Taungya agro-forestry system (citrus,maize and cassava) involves the planting of crops in young tree plantations. The food crops are normally planted with trees to provide shade for the young seedlings especially during the dry season; the crop litter acts as mulch and compost after decomposition thereby regulating soil temperature, and improving soil moisture retention.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The Taungya Agroforestry farming practice is promoted in Northern Uganda that allows farmers to cultivate food crops in young tree plantations for increased production, food security, soil fertility improvement and household income. The practice was started in Malaysia in 1896 and because of the increase in average annual temperatures in Uganda, it is gradually gaining momentum in Uganda.

This technology was established on 1.6 ha of land out of 10 ha owned by the farmer. It lies on a gentle slope and stretched to the wetland. On one field citrus (citrus sinensis) was planted as the major crop the other crops grown include; maize (zea mays) local variety and cassava an improved variety (manihot esculenta) NASE14.

The citrus is grown for purely commercial purposes, the maize and cassava grown for food security and also provides shade for the young citrus trees especially during the dry season.

Establishing the system involved bush clearing and ox ploughing. Digging planting holes, applying manure and drainage channels dug after the seedlings had firmly established.

The citrus seedlings were planted in 90 cm × 90 cm × 45 cm (width × length × depth) planting holes, excavated to conserve soil moisture during prolonged dry spells. The citrus spacing was 8 m × 8 m.

Within the citrus field, 30cm × 30 m mini drainage channels were made to drain excess water during the rainy season. The cassava was planted at 1 m × 1 m between the spaces of the citrus seedlings and then the maize was staggered within the field. Approximately 500 citrus seedlings were planted within the 1.6 ha.

In Taungya systems, the annual crops provide shade for the young trees and generate leaf litter which acts as mulch for moisture conservation and also enhances soil fertility. Taungya systems also increase household income because they allow crop diversification within the same field. The drainage channels reduce flood incidences on the field.

The system has a few challenges, for example during harvesting of cassava the citrus roots can be damaged, which affects their performance.

Establishing the drainage channels was labor intensive, thus the channels fall short of the recommended 60 cm recommended width.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2016

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Government programme of Operation Wealth Creation

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化，则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

rice cultivation

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

Although the land is near the valley bottom the land user depends on rainfall.

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

Maize is grown twice in a season but citrus is a perenial crop, the channels were dug in the first season.

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 农业林学
• 引水和排水

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• < 0.1 平方千米（10 公顷）

注释:

The agro forestry system occupies 1.6 ha of land

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

The drainage channels were constructed to prevent flooding

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

The citrus was planted in a planting hole of, width(75cm), length(75cm), depth (30cm) at a spacing 3×3m. The cassava is an improved NARO ( National Agricultural Research Organisation) NASE14 planted at a spacing of 1m×1m. The maize, a local variety was planted staggeringly in the field. The drainage channels are narrow and measured at 30cm(width)×15cm(depth)×30m(length).

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

UGX

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

3650.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Bush clearing	管理	July 2016
2.	Ploughing	农业学的	August 2016
3.	Digging planting basins	农业学的	August 2016
4.	Manure application	农业学的	September 2016
5.	Planting	农业学的	September 2016
6.	Digging planting basins	结构性的	September 2016
7.	Digging trenches	结构性的	April 2017

注释:

The Citrus was planted in 2016, cassava ,maize and the drainage channels were excavated

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Bush clearing	people	5.0	75000.0	375000.0	100.0
劳动力	Digging trenches	people	5.0	20000.0	100000.0	100.0
劳动力	Ploughing	people	4.0	100000.0	400000.0	100.0
劳动力	Diging basins	people	550.0	1000.0	550000.0	100.0
设备	Planting	holes	550.0	500.0	275000.0	100.0
植物材料	Citrus	plants	550.0	3000.0	1650000.0
植物材料	Cassava	bag	8.0	20000.0	160000.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Manure	bag	20.0	5000.0	100000.0
其它	Transport		10.0	60000.0	600000.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					4210000.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Planting material was given by Operation Wealth Creation but establishment costs were borne by land users

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Weeding	农业学的	twice/season
2.	Spraying with fungicide	农业学的	once/month

注释:

The citrus has just established there maintenance activities are still few

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Weeding	acres	4.0	80000.0	320000.0	100.0
劳动力	Spraying	acres	4.0	20000.0	80000.0	100.0
设备	Spray pump	piece	1.0	120000.0	120000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Pesticides	Litres	1.0	20000.0	20000.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					540000.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

All costs were borne by the land user

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Availability of labour

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

偶然

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Drinking water is got from the borehole

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

The farm has a diversity of crops including cassava, bananas and maize.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

He owns a fish pond and a maize processing mill and he keeps records of all incomes and expenditure

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

• customary

• customary

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好
年降雨量		减少	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

It is only the maize that matures first therefore in the short term establishment costs are negative. Cassava and citrus are long term crops therefore benefits are realized much later.

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The kind of ago-forestry improves food security
There is an increase in incomes from the sale of crops
The technology is good at reducing soil erosion.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The technology encourages optimal utilisation of land
Reduction of water logging

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Citrus takes long to mature	Inter-crop with annuals

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Costly in terms of purchase of different seed varieties	Join farmers associations for agricultural loan to pay after harvest and sale.
If the cassava is not properly spaced it can interfere with root movement	Plant the trees away from drainage channel

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

Evaluation of agroforestry systems for maize (Zea mays) productivity in South Africa

URL:

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02571862.2018.1459898