1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

The described SLM technology is conserving soil water and soil from erosion

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

The presented technology of leaving rock fragments in/on the soil in order to reduce soil evaporation and erosion in sloping areas greatly contributes to soil and water conservation.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The described technology is applied in semi-arid or dry sub-humid environments with an annual rainfall between 250-500 mm. This technology was mainly found in environments of the before mentioned climatic conditions on hilly areas (slope: 11-30%) and in shallow (depth: 21-50 cm) or moderately deep soils (depth: 51-80 cm) cultivated with perennial crops. These soils present moderate concentrations of soil organic matter (1-3%) and do not face any flood or salinity problems. The socioeconomic environment of these areas is characterized by middle-aged or elderly producers who mainly cultivate leased medium-sized fields with mechanical equipment. The orientation of the market is mixed (subsistence/commercial) and the off farm income of producers is greater than 50% of their total income.
The main characteristics of the technology is the presence of an adequate amount of rock fragments especially on the soil surface. Rock fragments are found, in many cases, in the soil. Farmers used to remove them for clearing the soil but in case that the area is located in semi-arid or dry sub-humid climatic conditions, then the leaving of rock fragments in the field is of high importance for soil and water conservation. An amount of more than 20 percent of rock fragments on the soil surface is highly efficient in protecting soil and water.
The purpose of the technology is to conserve soil water from evaporation and to reduce soil loss under heavy rainfalls. The technology can be established in areas with soils formed on consolidated parent materials such as limestone, shale, conglomerates, etc. The benefit of the technology is the conservation of soil and water but the negative impact is the decrease of the effective soil depth which can be used by the growing plants. Land users usually do not like rock fragments in the field since they create problems during land cultivation activities. The technology is applied mainly in olive groves.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

希腊

区域/州/省:

Crete

有关地点的进一步说明:

Area cultivated mainly with olive groves in Crete (Municipal District of Shinias, Municipality of Arkalohori) with soils formed on limestone, shale, and conglomerates parent materials.

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果不知道精确的区域，请注明大致覆盖的区域:

• < 0.1 平方千米（10 公顷）

注释:

The application of technology depends on the presence in the soil of rock fragments

Map

×

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）
• 在实验/研究期间

注释（项目类型等）:

The above-mentioned experimental research has been carried out during the execution of the EU research project MEDALUS

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

• 乔木与灌木的种植

乔木和灌木种植 - 指定作物:

• 橄榄树

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 集水

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

农艺措施

• A3：土壤表面处理

管理措施

• M3：根据自然和人文环境进行布局

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

• Wt：表土流失/地表侵蚀

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范（与技术图纸相关）:

The proposed technology is related to the management of soils containing high amounts of rock fragments especially on the soil surface. Unattached pieces of rocks of 2 mm diameter or larger that are strongly cemented or more resistant to rupture are called rock fragments. They are present on the soil surface or distributed in various quantities into the soil body. Rock fragments are classified according to their diameter to the following categories: pebbles (diameter 2-75 mm), cobbles (diameter 75-250 mm), stones (diameter 250-600 mm), and boulders (diameter >600 mm). Based on the existing research, rock fragments in the soil surface are defined according to the percentage cover in three classes: >40%, 15-40%, and <15%. As the percentage increase, the effectiveness on soil water conservation increases and the rate of soil erosion decreases. Pebbles and cobbles are more effective on soil water conservation, while stones are more effective on soil erosion reduction.

作者:

Costas Kosmas

日期:

13/09/2016

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

注释:

The proposed technology does not require any cost. The idea is to keep rock fragments in the soil and not removing them which will cost some money

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

如果您无法分解上表中的成本，请估算建立该技术所需要的总成本。:

-8.0

4.5 维护/经常性活动

注释:

No maintenance

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凹陷情况

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Hilly areas of various topography configuration.

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Water is transported from mountainous areas

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁

用水权:

• 租赁

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 11-50%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Danalatos, N.G., C.S. Kosmas, N.C. Moustakas and N. Yassoglou, 1995. Rock fragments II: Their impact on soil physical properties and biomass production under Mediterranean conditions. Soil Use and Management, 11:121-126

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

The MEDALUS projects

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Kosmas, C.S., Moustakas, N., Danalatos, N.G., and Yassoglou, N. 1993. The effect of rock fragments on wheat biomass production under highly variable moisture conditions in Mediterranean environments. Catena 23:191-198.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

The MEDALUS projects

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Evaporation from cultivated soils containing rock fragments

URL:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022169495029311