1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Southern African Science Service Centre for climate change and Adaptive Land management (SASSCAL)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: Guidelines to Rangeland Management in Sub-Saharan Africa (Rangeland Management)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Namibia University of Science and Technology ( NUST) - 纳米比亚

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) - 德国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Construction of contour ditches and ponding banks/ bunds to trap rainwater for infiltration. Improved growth of plants and replenishment of groundwater is promoted, while safely discharging excess water to avoid erosion. Integrated with other technologies that treat the root causes of rangeland degradation - rather than a stand-alone technology.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The technology can be applied in rangeland: (a) where rainfall runoff occurs, (b) where the soil is deep enough to dig contour ditches and construct ponding banks, (c) where there is a low slope over a wide enough area for safe discharge of overflow during intense rain, (d) where valuable plants can benefit from the extra infiltrated rainwater, (e) where the costs of earthmoving can be rapidly recovered through sale of extra production and, very importantly, (f) where the root causes of rangeland degradation have been addressed, usually through management of grazing and fires.
In the appropriate area, contour lines are marked out by laser or dumpy level - or mapped by drone. Where bush is dense, it may be necessary to clear narrow contour strips, leaving larger trees in place. Ditches are dug up to 50cm deep by mechanised grader or backhoe (a digger attached to a tractor), or manually by pick and spade. The soil should first ideally be ripped where the bund is formed, to ensure a firm foundation. To stabilise the bund, it should be compacted, and creeping (stoloniferous) herbaceous plants encouraged to colonise it. When ditches are full, water is discharged through spillways within the bund. These spillways are formed by lowering the bund to about half its height (i.e. 25 cm) for a distance of 10 metres. Water overtops the spillways and flows across the soil surface to the next bund in the sequence. Spillways are set near alternating ends of shorter ditches for water to zigzag its way down through the landscape, but along longer ditches the spillways are set approximately 200 metres apart. There are other configurations, including one where excess runoff flows around the end of the bund and along another channel constructed immediately below the bund. It can then spill out of this channel, evenly over the soil surface below. Where bunds meet roads or tracks, a hump is made in the road to prevent water crossing and causing damage but instead channelling the road runoff into contour ditches.
Since the channel is never exactly on the contour, water starts to flow over the lowest section. This results in self-reinforcement over time because herbaceous plants establish more densely at that point, resulting in more sediment being trapped there. To avoid spillage around each end of the ditch, the bund is shaped to form a short upslope wingwall. Organic material can be placed in the ditch, or in larger sediment traps within the ditch, to improve nutrient cycling.
Infiltration ditches were constructed at vertical intervals of 0.5 m on a 30 ha, densely bushed portion of the Middleplaats farm. Trees were planted below the ditches to grow into a “fruitful landscape”. Species included broad canopy trees such as Faidherbia albida and Acacia erioloba, shorter thornless trees for “chop and drop” mulching, such as Peltophorum africanum and Bolusanthus speciosus, and fruit bearing trees, such as Sclerocarya birrea and Berchemia discolor, or trees with edible leaves, such as Moringa oleifera. Tree seedlings were raised in a nursery. Fencing around the 30ha had to be strengthened to protect the seedlings from oryx. It was also necessary to water the seedlings for one to two years until well established. Ponded water encourages natural growth of herbaceous plants, and to encourage this some grasses were transplanted there.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2014

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Projects involving students

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Main animal species and products: Beef cattle and game animals

Number of growing seasons per year: 1
Livestock density: 10ha/LSU averaged out over time and not continuous

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

Except for Initial watering of planted tree seedlings, which was necessitated by drought

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 农业林学
• 畜牧业和牧场管理
• 集水

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

NAD

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Marking of contour lines	Dry season
2.	Clearing of bush strips along contour	Dry season
3.	Ripping along contour	Dry season
4.	Digging ditch and heaping bund over ripline	Start of rains
5.	Raising tree seedlings in nursery	Mostly dry season
6.	Planting tree seedlings below ditches	Rainy season
7.	Watering tree seedlings	Dry season
8.	Strengthening fence around landscape to exclude oryx	When needed

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Marking of contour lines	Person days	6.0	72.0	432.0	100.0
劳动力	Raising tree seedlings in nursery	Person days	20.0	72.0	1440.0	100.0
劳动力	Planting tree seedlings below ditches	Person days	10.0	72.0	720.0	100.0
劳动力	Watering every 10 days in first year, except after rain	Person days	150.0	72.0	10800.0	100.0
设备	Strengthening fence to exclude oryx (Labour)	Person days	100.0	72.0	7200.0	100.0
设备	Bulldozer to clear strips and rip	Bulldozer hours	89.0	850.0	75650.0	100.0
设备	Grader to dig ditches and heap bunds	Grader hours	35.0	650.0	22750.0	100.0
设备	Diesel for bulldozer and grader	Litres	1000.0	12.0	12000.0	100.0
设备	Tractor & 7000 lt water trailer every 10 days in first year, except after rain	Tractor days	30.0	1250.0	37500.0	100.0
植物材料	500 Plastic bags / seeds with soil to raise seedllngs	Filled growing bags	500.0	4.0	2000.0	100.0
施工材料	Fencing wire and posts to strengthen fence around fruitful landscape	km of fencing	3.0	2200.0	6600.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					177092.0
技术建立总成本，美元					177092.0

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Maintenance of ditches and bunds by grader	Rainy season

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
设备	Grader cost to maintain the swales every 3 – 4 years	Grader hours	8.0	700.0	5600.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					5600.0
技术维护总成本，美元					5600.0

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

High cost of hiring or operating earthmoving machinery.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Scattered rocky outcrops

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

A calcrete layer is occasionally exposed at the soil surfacce

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

是

具体说明:

The water is only slightly brackish

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 个人

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
其他渐变气候	Increased variability in temperature and rainfall	增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好
局地雷暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
热浪	好
寒潮	好
干旱	好
陆地火灾	适度

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
山洪暴发	好

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
昆虫/蠕虫侵扰	好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 气候变化/极端气候

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

After initial death of tree seedlings from extreme drought, the decision was taken to irrigate them until sufficiently well established.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Avoids wastage of rainwater lost as runoff from the farm and puts it to good use on the farm.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Improved water and nutrient cycling, resulting in better plant growth and higher animal production.
Reduced erosion of soil.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Death of many tree seedlings	By irrigating tree seedlings until they are sufficiently well established which may take one or two years.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
High cost of earthmoving	Growing of high value plants to recoup costs as quickly as possible, such as Moringa and dates.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Rainwater harvesting for drylands and beyond: Vol 2 – Water-harvesting earthworks, Lancaster, 0-977-246418

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://www.amazon.com/Rainwater-Harvesting-Drylands-Beyond-Vol/dp/0977246418 $28

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Planning and managing farm roads Manual

URL:

www.sasscal.org/downloads/Planning_and_managing_farm_roads_in_Namibia.pdf

标题/说明:

Rangeland Rehydration Field Guide

URL:

https://emulandrecovery.org.au/~emulandr/files/Rangeland-Rehydration-Field-Guide.pdf