1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Scaling-up SLM practices by smallholder farmers (IFAD)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO) - 乌干达

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

17/10/2018

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

Pastures act as fallows therefore they improve soil quality over time

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Growing Improved Pastures (chloris gayana, brachiaria mulato and pernisetum purpurem) is a technology promoted among small, meduim scale farmers in Kyegegwa District, Western Uganda for sustainable dairy production, improved nutrition and sustainable land management.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Improved pastures comprising of fast growing nutritious grasses or legumes are generally said to be more productive than the local native pastures, because they have higher protein, carbohydrate levels and are easy to digest.
The pastures on the farm documented are established on a 2 acre piece of land located on a gently sloping area of about 20% in Kyegegwa District which experiences an average annual rainfall of about 1200 mm. The field covers the entire landscape and is neighboured by a cassava plantation. Within the same field, contour trenches were established to separate one pasture field from the other, and to also prevent soil and nutrient loss within the field. Pastures planted include Chloris gayana (rhodes grass), Brachiaria mulato (signal grass) and Pennisetum (napier grass). All grasses are native to East Africa.

Each pasture type on each plot is planted as a pure stand; the Chloris field lies on a 3000 m2 plot size, the Brachiaria field lies on 1000 m2 plot size and the Pennisetum field lies on a 4000 m2 plot size.

-Chloris gayana was planted at a spacing of 30 cm inter row and broadcasted within the rows, the seeds were mixed with sand before they were broadcasted. Thereafter the seeds were covered lightly with soils to enable easy germination of the tiny seeds.
-Brachiaria mulato was planted at a spacing of 60X 60cm
-Napier was planted at 75x 60cm.

Prior to establishment of the pastures, the plots were cleared of the bush, ploughed twice and harrowed to make a fine seed bed before planting. Two tonnes of animal manure was added. The following equipment was used:

-Hand hoes
-3 slashers
-A spirit level for leveling the contour trenches

Planting material for all the grasses was provided by the Rwebitaba Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (RwebiZARDI) in form of root tillers for Brachiaria, seeds for Chloris and cuttings for the Pennisetum grass.

Kyegegwa is one of the districts where conflicts between livestock keepers and crop farmers are increasing. This kind of pressure does not allow free range grazing any more. Therefore the pastures planted were not only to provide better quality and quantity feeds for the dairy project throughout the year but also to reduce on conflicts with neighbours. Chloris gayana yields between 20-27t DM/ha and was planted to provide hay. It is drought tolerant, has a high regeneration capacity, easy to digest and is rich in carbohydrates, while Bracharia mulato is also palatable and often used in a cut & carry system. Bracharia is easy to conserve as compared to other grasses and is rich in proteins. Napier grass was planted for its early maturity, regeneration capacity, especially during the rainy season and just like Brachiaria easy to makes silage. The improved pastures are suitable for both cut & carry and grazing and they are tolerant to drought therefore providing a sustainable feed base for the diary all year round. The pastures were also planted to act as a fallow, thereby also improving soil fertility.

Establishment costs were estimated to be at UGX 1,396,000 while maintenance costs were estimated to be at UGX 320,000 per annum. Improved pastures are advantageous because they provide more nutrients than local pastures; Chloris provides more carbohydrates whereas Brachiaria and Penisetum provide more protein. Pastures rehabilitate degraded land by acting as vegetation cover for longer periods hence reducing soil erosion and increasing soil fertility. They control broad leaved weeds and a small piece of land is used to cut and carry for stock. Improved pastures require fencing as well as improved management practices such as a good soil fertility plan.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2016

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The improved pastures were promoted by Rwebitaba ZARDI through the Kamwenge District Local government

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

The farm is neighboured by a cassava plantation and a maize field

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化，则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

The field was previously used for maize cultivation

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

There is a wetland at the foot of the slopes where water is drawn and used to irrigate the pastures, in addition an irrigation system is being constructed to enable sustainable pasture production.

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

Pastures are harvested twice a year

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 畜牧业和牧场管理

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• < 0.1 平方千米（10 公顷）

注释:

The field lies on 0.8 ha of land

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Improved pastures planted include Signal grass (Brachiaria mulato), Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana), and Napier grass (pernnisetum Purpurem)

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

The pastures are a perennial crop that act as a soil cover for longer periods of time, preventing soil and nutrient loss therefore improving soil fertility and productivity

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Pastures, because of their longivity, reduce soil erosion and therefore improve soil fertility

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

The technical drawing shows improved pastures established on 0.8 ha of land (8000 m2), planted with Brachiaria (planted on 1000 m2 plot size at a spacing of 60×60cm), Chloris guyana, planted on a 3000 m2 plot size at a spacing of 30cm inter row and seed broadcasted within the row. Napier grass planted on a 4000 m2 plot size at a spacing of 75×60cm, using plant cuttings. The pastures are planted in three different blocks with each block separated by a contour trench of 2 m width and 60 m length. The Brachiaria grows up to a height of 50 cm, Chloris to around 90 cm and Napier grass can grow up to a 2 m.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

UGX

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

3800.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Slashing	管理	Once
2.	Ploughing	农业学的	Once
3.	Field Marking	农业学的	Once
4.	Planting	农业学的	Once

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Slashing	day	3.0	100000.0	300000.0	100.0
劳动力	Ploughing	day	3.0	120000.0	360000.0	100.0
劳动力	Planting	day	2.0	100000.0	200000.0	100.0
劳动力	Excavating contour trenches	meter		10000.0		100.0
设备	Slasher	piece	3.0	7000.0	21000.0	100.0
设备	Hoes	piece	3.0	10000.0	30000.0	100.0
设备	Chisel	piece	1.0	10000.0	10000.0	100.0
设备	Spirit level	piece	1.0	20000.0	20000.0	100.0
植物材料	Wheelbarrow	piece	1.0	75000.0	75000.0	100.0
植物材料	Panga	piece	3.0	10000.0	30000.0	100.0
植物材料	Brachiaria	bags	5.0	50000.0	250000.0
植物材料	Chloris gayana	kg	1.0	100000.0	100000.0
植物材料	Napier grass	piece	10.0	50000.0	500000.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Manure	bag	20.0	10000.0	200000.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					2096000.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Labour and equipment costs were covered by the land user

注释:

Planting material was provided by the Town Council

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Weeding	农业学的	once a month
2.	Pesticide application	农业学的	once a month
3.	Cutting	管理	twice a month
4.	Fertiliser application	农业学的	twice annually

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Weeding	piece	1.5	80000.0	120000.0	100.0
劳动力	Spraying	piece	1.5	10000.0	15000.0	100.0
劳动力	Cutting	piece	1.5	10000.0	15000.0	100.0
设备	Panga	piece	3.0	10000.0	30000.0	100.0
设备	Knapsack	piece	1.0	120000.0	120000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Pesticides	liter	1.0	20000.0	20000.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					320000.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The seed and planting material were given by the RwebitabaZARDI through the Kyegegwa Town Council

注释:

Establishment of the improved pastures was done in partnership with the RwebiZARDI and Kyegegwa town council. The Agreement was for the development partners to provide seed and the beneficiary to incur establishment and maintenance costs .

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Availability of labour

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

偶然

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

The water table is high

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

The field has only grasses

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

The farmer owns a general merchandise shop in Kyegegwa town

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 个人

注释:

A personal water reservoir was constructed

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	非常好
年降雨量		减少	非常好

注释:

Since pastures help in soil moisture retention they cope with drought easily

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Establishment costs of improved pastures are high, therefore benefits are meager at the beginning, but as they last for more than a year, very positive benefits are acquired

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

注释:

For now the field is also used as a multiplication site for seed

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Napier does not flower hence it ensures constant supply of fodder to live stock throughout the year
They are highly nutritious
They reduce soil erosion
Increase soil fertility

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The grasses are resistant to pests and diseases
They take a short time to establish
They are tolerant to drought
The mixer of Chloris, Brachiaria and Penisetum grasses ensures that the animals have a balanced diet

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Establishment costs are high	soliciting support from local government
Accessibility to seed is difficult	its got through District local government
Skills in hay production are still lacking	seek for training from development agents

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
If not properly managed the grasses can flower and loose their nutritive value	harvest grass before flowering
If the livestock are grazed before the grasses have well established they can be destroyed	cut and carry until pastures have reached 6 months and above

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

FROM EXTENSIVE TO SEMI-INTENSIVE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN THE ALBERTINE RIFT; (RashidMubiru., Teddy Namirimu,Suzan Owino, Louis Kyalingonza, Priscilla Nyadoiand Joel Buyinza ). 2013

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://www.uws.or.ug/wp-content/themes/UWS/PDFs/LIVESTOCK%20MANAGEMENT%20EXTENSION%20MANNUAL%202013%20UWS-1.pdf

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

FROM EXTENSIVE TO SEMI-INTENSIVE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN THE ALBERTINE RIFT; (RashidMubiru., Teddy Namirimu,Suzan Owino, Louis Kyalingonza, Priscilla Nyadoiand Joel Buyinza ). 2013

URL:

http://www.uws.or.ug/wp-content/themes/UWS/PDFs/LIVESTOCK%20MANAGEMENT%20EXTENSION%20MANNUAL%202013%20UWS-1.pdf

标题/说明:

For more milk, grow pastures for your cows( New vision news paper; Monday,July 29,2019)

URL:

https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1499385/milk-grow-pastures-cows