1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Decision Support for Mainstreaming and Scaling out Sustainable Land Management (GEF-FAO / DS-SLM)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Bangladesh Forest Department (Bangladesh Forest Department) - 孟加拉国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

The coppice management of Sal (Shorea robusta) tree is a forest management practice to regain the natural forest resources in central and northern parts of Bangladesh.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Sal forests have a fairly wide and interrupted distribution in the drier central and northern parts of the country. These tropical moist deciduous forests are popularly known as Sal forest as the predominant species is Sal (Shorea robusta). The importance of Sal forests lies in the fact that these are the only natural forest resources of the central and northern parts of Bangladesh where the majority of the country’s population lives. Historically, the agrarian rural people around the forests have been heavily dependent on Sal forests for their livelihood. Until the beginning of the 20th century, Sal forests existed as a large continuous belt with rich biological resources but increasing pressure from population growth has been placed on them ever since. Most of the Sal forests have either become degraded in quality or reduces by conversion to agricultural land.
The Forest Department introduced coppice management with natural regeneration in Sal forest that have a rotation of 20-30 years to regain the forest structure and biomass. Coppicing is a traditional method of forest management, which exploits the capacity of tree species to put out new shoots from their stump or roots if cut down. Due to the fact that shoots perform better than seedlings, because they obtain water, nutrients and carbohydrates from a well-developed root system of the parent tree, they are more resilient to human disturbances that affect tree growth and survival. As new growth emerges after a number of years, the coppiced tree is harvested, and the cycle begins again. Therefore, coppicing is considered an efficient mechanism by which trees regain above-ground biomass immediately after disturbance.
The Gazipur Sal forest is located in lowland plain areas of the central parts of Bangladesh. The average temperature in Gazipur is 25.8 °C and the annual rainfall is 2036 mm. The area is densely populated with a population density of 2,505 per square km. The dominant land use is still agriculture, but industrialization rate is higher in the area as it is only 25km away from capital Dhaka. The Sal forest area is managed by Bangladesh Forest division. Co-management approach is introduced in some buffer areas for the coppice management of Shorea robusta with a profit-sharing ratio of 65:25 between forest department and community beneficiaries. The rest of 10% money allocated for further tree farming activities.
No new planting of Sal seedlings is necessary for this practice. In the first year a relatively poor-quality Sal stand of Gazipur site were selected where coppice regeneration took place from stumps. Then, the multiple shoots regenerated from the stump were singled to three best shoots per stump and the rest were harvested. These three shoots were maintained in the following years and new shoots were removed if there were any. In addition, regular weeding was needed to maintain the technology. Local community people engaged to the maintenance and surveillance activities through co-management modalities and they will get their profit share after harvesting of the mature stand.
Where the density of Sal stumps is between 200-400 stems/ha, coppice management potentially protects and promotes the growth of new Sal seedling and other natural species in open areas. The native species regeneration under coppice management helps protect biodiversity value in a cost-effective manner. Coppice Sal Forests have the capacity to regenerate a rich variety of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). The major NTFPs collected by the co-management beneficiaries include fuelwood, dry leaves for fuel, and medicinal plants. Apart from this, they also collect mushroom, tuber crops, wild fruits, cane, honey and resin from coppice forests. As the area is under permanently protected area the beneficiaries cannot harvest any timber from the stand.
As the artificial regeneration of Sal is difficult, the sustainable forest management can be ensured through coppice management of Sal. In Gazipur, the depleted Sal forest are now slowly regaining its health and habitats for wildlife are improving as well. These forests, which historically were seen as timber sources, are now managed for multiple products through coppice management. The forest now supports alternate income for community people and also playing important role for ecological balance of this region.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

注释:

The original Sal forest stand faced rapid reduction through over-exploitation, deforestation, excessive leaf-litter collection, encroachment, indiscriminate collection of specific economically important plant species (i.e medicinal, fodder etc), and other form of human interference. This was degraded forest with some scatter trees.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 天然和半天然森林管理
• 森林种植管理
• 改良的地面/植被覆盖

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

BDT

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

84.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Site preparation (prepare plantation site map with GPS, jungle cutting, debris collection)	June-July
2.	Thinning (removal of unwanted shoots from stumps)	June-July
3.	Application of fertilizer (compost)	July

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Site preparation (prepare plantation site map with GPS, jungle cutting, debris collection)	person-days	5.0	500.0	2500.0	100.0
劳动力	Thinning (removal of unwanted shoots from stumps)	person-days	12.0	500.0	6000.0	100.0
劳动力	Application of fertilizer	person-days	5.0	500.0	2500.0	100.0
设备	Spade, saw, bucket, knife, etc.	lump sum	1.0	2000.0	2000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Compost fertilizer	kg	2000.0	4.0	8000.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					21000.0
技术建立总成本，美元					250.0

注释:

Bangladesh Forest Department is the land owner and bear the cost of this practice

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	1st year weeding	3 times
2.	2nd year weeding	3 times
3.	3rd year weeding	2 times
4.	4th year weeding	1 time

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	1st year weeding	person-days	12.0	500.0	6000.0	100.0
劳动力	2nd year weeding	person-days	12.0	500.0	6000.0	100.0
劳动力	3rd year weeding	person-days	8.0	500.0	4000.0	100.0
劳动力	4th year weeding	person-days	4.0	500.0	2000.0	100.0
设备	Spade, saw, bucket, knife, etc.	Lump-sum	1.0	2000.0	2000.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					20000.0
技术维护总成本，美元					238.1

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Labor cost

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

具体说明:

Participatory forest management in coppice Sal forest with local commuities

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好
季节性温度	夏季	增加	好
年降雨量		减少	好
季雨量	湿季/雨季	增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好
局地雷暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	适度

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• > 50%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

注释:

Forest department adopted the technology and replicate it in other Sal forest area with co-management approach

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Establishment and maintenance costs arelow.
Artificial regeneration of Sal is difficult. Through coppice management forest coverage can be ensured for long period.
The population of the community can cover their fuel needs from the Sal forests.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Increases the soil fertility of the degraded land through nutrient cycle.
Biodiversity conservation through habitat improvement.
Increase of carbon sequestration.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Protection from illicit felling of Sal is difficult.	Community people need to be engage in patrolling
Occurrence of fire in dry seasons hampered Sal coppice stand

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Timber yield from coppice stand of Sal is inferior in comparison with original stand of Sal.	Vacancy filling can be done with high value timber species

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Islam KK, Sato N, 2012. Deforestation, land conversion and illegal logging in Bangladesh: the case of the Sal (Shorea robusta) forests. iForest 5: 171-178 [online 2012-06-25]

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents? id=ifor0578-005

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Hossain, M.K. 2015. Silviculture of Plantaion Trees of Bangladesh, ISBN:978-984-33-9767-6

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Arannayk Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh. US$ 15

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Joint Forest Management and Adaptation of Sal (Shorea robusta) and Its Flexibility in Wide Range of Ecological factors in Forest Gardens

URL:

http://ajast.net/data/uploads/5022.pdf

7.4 一般注释

The questionnaire covers all the aspect of the practice