1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Prospects and challenges of water use systems as climate adaptive option for sustainable water management in Himalayan Region

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Kathmandu University (KU) - 尼泊尔

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

The technology used serves as a source of providing water for drinking and other multiple uses; such that it acts as a means to conserve and manage water resources rather than degrade them.

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Water from source in hill top is collected in a small reservoir (to preserve natural source), then passes onto a Reservoir Tank (RVT) / Ferro-Cement Tank / "Ghaito" for drinking water with a capacity of 4000L. When the RVT gets filled, water overflows, is collected in another concrete irrigation pond (10,000L) for irrigation. From the ferro-cement tank (Ghaito) and concrete irrigation pond, two pipelines are fed and water supplied into individual tap-system or MUWS tap towers for multiple purposes.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The technology is applied in a natural environment, i.e. natural water source. The source of water is a natural source of water that sits atop a small hill which is owned by the government. From the source, water is collected in RVT ( for drinking water) and concrete irrigation pond ( for irrigation). PVC pipes are fed onto the tanks to distribute the water for multiple purposes to 4 MUWS tap towers or tap systems or "Thaado". These MUWS tap towers consist of two faucets each- one for drinking and the other for irrigation and other purposes.The major purposes of this technology are to supply clean water for drinking and other multiple purposes through a cheap, effective and simple system. The natural source of water is locally maintained. Operation and maintenance works are not mandatory, however the locals are responsible for maintaining it should the need arise. The system was financed through a public-private-partnership (PPP) program; out of which some amount was funded by a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)- Sundar Nepal ( NPR. 2,77,000 ), some amount by the Village Development Committee (VDC)- (NPR. 2,63,000), and the remaining amount was collected by a locals’ group (NPR. 60,000). For establishing the system, labor and construction materials were needed for building the tanks and pipeline systems. For the maintenance, manual labor is necessary. The quality of the water that is supplied to the households is good and the quantity seems sufficient for the 19 households. Sustainable use of water resources through a MUWS system, cheap and effective way to conserve water resources, ensuring availability of clean water even through dry seasons are some of the technology's advantages. Similarly, clean water, more water for irrigation for vegetable farming, simplifying day-to-day life are some of the strengths of the technology. Dislikes could be the limited availability of water during the dry season and that out of 4 systems only 2 are in operation and the other ones are in a non-working condition.

Management system in place for MUWS:
A separate committee is set up for the smooth operation of the system, which consists of 20 members- 10 males and 10 females. The head of the committee is Mrs. Kopila Sunar. The committee conducts a monthly meeting to discuss the problems and need of maintenance. During the initial setup, the connection of pipelines from the tap systems to the reservoir tanks was, however, done with the contribution of the locals. Every month, each family from the 19 households contributes NPR. 100 ( One Hundred Rupees) , which goes to a fund that is set up for the times of need. The labor contribution by the people of the VDC was dependent upon the number and availability of family members in the household. Similarly, the use of the MUWS system and water from it is also dependent upon the availability of family members. Little to no maintenance was done to the system till now from 2075 B.S. ( 1 years) . Equal number of male and female members are in the committee dedicated to the MUWS system.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2018

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Sundar Nepal- a non-governmental organization (NGO) helped with Odaltaal Multiple Use Water Systems

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响

• improve water security and increase efficient use at a household level

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Irrigation and Multiple Uses: The locals use the technology in order to irrigate their cropland so that the plant productivity is increased. As well, the introduction of this technology has opened up doors to new possibilities like construction of tunnels ( green houses) so that the locals can grow seasonal and off-seasonal vegetables in their backyards. Animal husbandry has also been an increasing practice. Human uses like washing, cooking, cleaning, bathing, etc are amply sufficient due to adequacy of water from this technology.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

注释:

Before the introduction of the technology, the land productivity was minimal. Water for human uses like bathing, cleaning, washing, cooking, etc. were scarce; especially during the dry seasons. No green houses were constructed. They used to rear very few cattle.

3.4 供水

其它（比如洪水后）:

• Natural source (Mool) of water in foliage atop a hill

注释:

The supply of water comes from a natural source ( 'mool' in local language) , where a small enclosure is constructed so that the source is preserved and water is amply supplied to the ferrocement RVT for drinking purposes ( 'Ghaito' in local language) and concrete irrigation pond for irrigation purposes.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 集水
• 灌溉管理（包括供水、排水）
• 地下水管理

• Gravity Fed Multiple Use Water System (MUWS) , New Scheme

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

The technology is comprised of structural measures, barbed wire fences to surround natural water source, iron lid top, cement enclosure for water source, pipes feeding onto the source, ferro-cement RVT, tap towers, faucets, concrete irrigation pond, etc.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Before setting up the technology, much of the water during dry seasons would evaporate from the natural source ( mool) and there would be scarcity of water during dry seasons. This has been addressed by the technology, where securing the natural source of water prevented evaporation and storing water in enclosed tanks helped supply water during dry seasons.
Similarly, due to no preservation of the source and no storage tanks, the water would be soiled by sediments, wastes and insects' larvae. After setting technology up, the quality of water has vastly improved as well.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化

注释:

The technology prevents water source degradation, improves perennial water availability, helps tackle with the effects of natural calamities like drought, etc.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

NPR

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

110.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Enclosement for the groundwater source	Before rainy season
2.	Construction of Ferro-cement tank for Drinking Water	Before rainy season
3.	Construction of Concrete pond for Irrigation	Before rainy season
4.	Securing the perimeter for the tanks	Before rainy season
5.	Laying down the PVC pipework	Before rainy season
6.	Construction of 4 individual MUWS tap towers ( Thaado in Nepalese language)	During rainy season
7.	Final touch-ups, Setting up faucets, Preliminary checking	During rainy season

注释:

A total of 3 months ( roughly 90 days ) was required for the construction of the technology to be complete.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Voluntary by locals					100.0
设备	Irrigation Pond		1.0	275000.0	275000.0	10.0
设备	Ferrocement Tank ( Ghaito)		1.0	225000.0	225000.0	10.0
设备	Securing fences, Perimeter securing for tanks and water source		1.0	50000.0	50000.0	10.0
设备	Setting up MUWS tap towers ( Thaado in local tongue)		4.0	12500.0	50000.0	10.0
设备	PVC Pipes					100.0
技术建立所需总成本					600000.0
技术建立总成本，美元					5454.55

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

1.Village Developmment Committee:NPR. 2,63,000 2.Sundar Nepal NGO: ~ NPR. 2,77,000 3.Water – Users : NPR. 60,000

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Plan on Changing PVC pipework for a Galvanized-Iron (GI) pipe	1 time after PVC pipes damaged by wear and tear, lime, etc
2.	Plan on Construction of another Drinking Water Tank	When the one tank is not sufficient for providing enough water

注释:

Construction has been completed and technology is in use since a year only, so no maintenance works till now. However, construction of another drinking water tank and changing the PVC pipes for GI pipes is imminent in near future.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Voluntary					100.0
设备	Drinking water tank construction	1	1.0	75000.0	75000.0	50.0
设备	Laying down GI pipesinstead of PVC Pipes	1	1.0	50000.0	50000.0	25.0
技术维护所需总成本					125000.0
技术维护总成本，美元					1136.36

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The non-governmental organizations and government offices (Village Development Committee) have expressed an interest to help financially in the construction of another drinking water tank and GI pipes laying should the need arise.

注释:

These are the expected costs should the need of such arise.
The water users' committee, along with NGO's and governmental bodies shall bear the costs in the said maintenance works.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The construction materials- rods, concrete, cement, bricks and Galvanized Iron (GI) pipes would cost the most

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Before the introduction of MUWS technology, the water used to be a problem during the dry seasons. However, after the technology was applied, the natural ground water source is conserved, people have been monitoring the water levels cautiously and nowadays, the water sustains the locals during the dry seasons as well.
Salinity is not a problem, but the presence of lime in the water is a problem.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Birds are abundant, new fowls are sighted regularly.Lampuchhre ( Long-tailed widowbird),Ravens,Hawks,Peacocks and peafowls,Peasants,Guinea fowls and other fowls; rarely seen before are common after setting up the technology.

Animal sighting is rare. Forests, although consisting of a few varieties of trees, like Saal ( shorea robusta), Sadhana ( Moringa) , Belauti ( Guava), Sallo ( pine tree), Aap ( Mango). very few species are abundant in a given stretch of land.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Members of the community: 1:1 ratio of males to females
Age : mostly middle-aged, a few children and few elderly
Caste/ Ethnicity: Thakuri, Dalit and Janajati
Literacy: 1 person completed High – School level (+2), rest are literate ( Class 5)
Total Land Holding: < 10 ropanis of land, Human Settlement since 2040 B.S. ( since last 36+ years) in search of better opportunities and access to better services of water, roads, etc.
Total households: 19
Jobs: Males : bread- earners, construction workers, labour, farming
Females: Housewives, Farming. Most of the males in the village have been to foreign country ( India specially) for manual labour and mostly females are present in the village.
Ethnicity: Few families are of Upper- Caste: Thakuris ( as per Nepalese traditions) and most are Dalits and Janajatis, who were considered low-caste previously. The term "lower-caste" has been abolished now.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

• The source, tanks fall under community forest area- owned by the Government

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

具体说明:

Previously, the society had a caste system in which the higher and lower caste discrimination was done and the water tainted by the lower caste ( Dalits, Janajatis) were deemed “unfit” by the upper caste ( Thakuris, Brahmins, Chhetris). However, after the abolishment of the caste system, everyone enjoys equal rights to the access to water.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

注释:

The access to health, education and markets along with other facilities is only accessible after a 15 minute journey to the ‘bazaar’ or market area from the village.

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

MUWS focuses mainly on the preservation of water resources through its sustainable use.
Similarly, this technology also addresses the water shortage issues (especially in dry seasons), tackles effects of climate change, ensures water availability in geographically challenged areas, uses minimal modern technologies (relies on gravity for water supply) , is cost-effective ( little to no maintenance costs) and also ensures the social and economic well-being of water users through off-farm and farm incomes ( with the help of drip irrigation).

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

Since this technology is adapted in a small area, without any significant construction, there is virtually no off-site impact at the moment.
However, beneficial off-site impacts can be expected in the long run.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	适度
季节性温度	夏季	增加	适度
年降雨量		减少	适度
季雨量	湿季/雨季	减少	适度

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	适度

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The system has been in operation since a year only. Thus, long term effects are yet to be visible. Evident from the cost of operation and maintenance with the benefits of the technology, there is a positive impact evident.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Substantially less amount of lime present in water than what was previously found.
Availability of water even during the dry seasons.
Increase in the productivity of perennial vegetables in kitchen garden, construction of tunnels for farming vegetables possible

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Water quality vastly improved, no lime and/or saltiness present in water
Need of alternative sources of water during dry seasons not present after construction of MUWS system
Overall productivity of land improved through effective irrigation of water
Self-sufficiency in the aspect of water and crops, as well as alternative sources of income increased leading to improved quality of the lives of the water users.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Water levels not rising in two tap systems of the four	Technician could oversee the problem of elevation and give a viable solution so that 4 out of 4 tap systems could be functional again
Pipes’ diameter and quality could be improved	If the government and/or NGO could add to the savings of the group, good quality of GI pipes could be installed instead of the PVC pipes used

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The tank for irrigation is left open at the top	Closing the top of the tank
The pipes used are not sustainable	The use of heavier PVC pipes and/or hybrid GI pipes could result in less chances of system failure due to lime in the water

7.1 信息的方法/来源