1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

OPtimal strategies to retAIN and re-use water and nutrients in small agricultural catchments across different soil-climatic regions in Europe (OPTAIN)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Poland (ITP) - 波兰

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

-

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Subsoiling is defined as tillage below a depth of about 35-40 cm which doesn't invert the soil. It breaks up compacted layers to improve rooting and infiltration. Subsoiling is not needed on light soils, because these are rarely at risk of compaction.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Subsoiling is carried out on arable land. Subsolier is pulled by a tractor and chisels (tines) break up a compacted layer below the surface. Subsoiling disturbs this dense layer and loosens the soil. This treatment improves air-water relations in the soil. The depth of subsoiling can be adjusted. On heavier soils, deeper subsoiling may be necessary. The farmer surveyed (who has a medium sized enterprise of about 400 ha) subsoils at a depth of 40-45 cm. Subsoiling is used especially for root crops such as sugar beet - and for other crops to a lesser extent, depending on the needs and condition of the soil. It is possible to adjust the spacing of the chisels (tines) and the power of the tractor. An average spacing between the chisels is 50 cm. A 200 horsepower tractor is able to pull a five-tine subsoiler. If time permits, the whole field should be subsoiled. Subsoiling takes quite a long time (about 10 ha per day). This technology is required every year when sugar beet is planted. In other fields, only machinery tracks and headlands (where the machine turns) should be subsoiled every year. Subsoiling is often used after harvest and before other field operations such as ploughing etc. On average, due to crop rotation, the whole field is only subsoiled once every four years. Subsoiling is a form of tillage which can be used instead of traditional ploughing to loosen soil without inverting it: thus it can form part of a reduced tillage system.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新
• 在实验/研究期间

注释（项目类型等）:

-

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 最小的土壤扰动

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

4.45

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	-	-

注释:

-

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	-
设备	-
植物材料	-
肥料和杀菌剂	-
施工材料	-
其它	-

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Subsoiling	late summer, early autumn (after harvest of crops)

注释:

The exact date of performing subsoiling depends on several conditions, for example: (i) soil moisture conditions in the field; (ii) date of harvest crop in the field intended to be subsoil; (iii) subsoiler and tractor availability.
The subsoiler is a simple machine, the frame is durable but the chisels wear out very fast, especially due to dry soil conditions.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	skill labour	person-hour	1.0	30.0	30.0	100.0
设备	tractor and subsoiler (depreciation)	machine-hour	1.0	10.0	10.0	100.0
设备	chisels	machine-hour	1.0	25.0	25.0	100.0
设备	tractor fuel	liter per hour	20.0	7.0	140.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					205.0
技术维护总成本，美元					46.07

注释:

It is assumed, that within 1 hour the worker is subsoiling 1 ha in average conditions (field size = 40 ha; subsoiling about 10 ha per day and costings given for 1 hectare)

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

price of fuel, area needed to subsoling, moisture conditions in the fields, granulometric compisition of the soil

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

用水权:

• 个人

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

减少气候和灾害风险

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

Changes that can be measured: soil density decrease, soil porosity increase, infiltration rate increase, plant rooting depth increase, stable yield, reduced emission of CO2.

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

Changes that can be measured: decreased CO2 emission.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
季雨量	夏季	减少	适度
季雨量	秋季	减少	适度

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	适度

注释:

In order to obtain the appropriate result of the subsoiling operation, it should be performed in conditions of adequate (optimum) soil moisture.
In the Kujawy region dry agrometeorological conditions are observed more frequently than wet ones. In conditions of insufficient soil moisture (dry and hard soil) chisels “tear up” the soil and the effect of its proper loosening is not achieved. At the same time performing subsoiling in very dry soil conditions is associated with high soil resistance the tractor must overcome. This results in increase in the tillage cost.
In conditions of excessive soil moisture soil “smearing effect “ occurs and the effect of its proper loosening is also not achieved.
Due to the observed in the region warming of the climate and the unfavourable changes in the distribution of rainfall throughout the year, water deficits in the soils may become more and more frequent. It may cause more rare occurring conditions which are optimal for performing subsoiling. This will be a problem for farmers using this tillage and it will limit possibility of performing subsoiling.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

-

6.5 技术采用

• 11-50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

-

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

注释:

-

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The effects of subsoiling are so noticeable (increased crop yield and quality) that it is worth doing, especially on root crops (e.g. sugar beet). The yield-forming effect of this treatment is also visible throughout the entire crop rotation
It improves air-water relations in the soil. This treatment eliminates the soil layer with excessive density, loosening this layer and the layers located above. It is also recommended for farmers who irrigate their fields.
Thanks to the treatment, the plants (i) are better rooted, (ii) give higher yield, especially root crops, (iii) penetrate the soil and reach water more easily, without encountering an obstacle. Other plants also achieve stronger root system, as well as better take up and absorb water and nutrients.
This treatment improves biological properties of the soil and reduces root diseases;

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Subsoiling used as a part of reduced tillage lets to reduce magnitude of CO2 emission from soil.
Subsoiling enhances water supply of plants by capillary rise.
As a loosening treatment, it exposes the soil to water and wind erosion to a lesser extent than ploughing.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Subsoiling is an additional activity, not popular and it is not cheap.	To create the program for subsidies for such activities.
Most often it is performed as after harvesting and as pre-winter tillage. In order to be the most economically effective, subsoiling should be performed in optimal conditions of soil moisture due to wearing chisels.	Monitoring of agrometeorological conditions and proper organisation of activities in the farm.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Subsoiling requires very good knowledge of the field (due to risk of drainage system damage).	To possess knowledge of spatial distribution of drainage pipes in the fields, to have maps of the field with such information.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Influence of agrireclamation measures on water-physical properties of compact soils, changes in roots and plant yields (Wpływ zabiegów agromelioracyjnych na właściwości fizyczno-wodne gleb zwięzłych oraz ukorzenienie i plony roślin), Miatkowski Z., 2001., Bibl. Wiad. IMUZ, no 99, pp 107 (in Polish, summary in English)

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Library of Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, National Research Institute (ITP)

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Subsoiling in conventional and conservation tillage for sugar beet growing (Zastosowanie głęboszowania w tradycyjnej i konserwującej uprawie roli pod buraki cukrowe). Miatkowski Z., Sołtysik A., Banaszak H., 2006, Problemy Inżynierii Rolniczej vol. 2, p. 53-60.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Library of ITP and http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BAR0-0016-0084

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Effects on Soil Water Holding Capacity and Soil Water Retention Resulting from Soil Health Management Practices Implementation

URL:

https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-10/AWC_Effects_on_Soil_Water_Holding_Capacity_and_Retention.pdf

标题/说明:

Preparation of the beet stand (Przygotowanie stanowiska pod buraki). KWS Agrotechnical Bulletin (Biuletyn Agrotechniczny KWS), no. 3/2003 (4).

URL:

https://docplayer.pl/38709652-Biuletyn-agrotechniczny-kws-biuletyn-agrotechniczny-kws.html

7.4 一般注释

-