1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

OPtimal strategies to retAIN and re-use water and nutrients in small agricultural catchments across different soil-climatic regions in Europe (OPTAIN)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) - 德国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Strip-till is a form of precision farming and conservation agriculture that combines minimum tillage in strips with no-till on the remainder of the field. The soil over the whole field is protected by a growing crop or mulch from sunlight, and especially from the direct impact of raindrops by providing permanent soil cover.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Conservation agriculture includes cultivation systems with minimum tillage or without tillage (no-till). Minimum tillage uses machinery (cultivators, rotary tillers) that only loosen the topsoil layer without turning it, leaving a mixture of bare soil and crop residues from the previous crop/ cover crop on the surface. No-till refers to sowing and fertilizing directly into the plant residues. Strip-till is a hybrid, where only the strip around the seed furrow is minimum-tilled, leaving up to two-thirds of the area under no-till.
Strip-till increases surface roughness, which slows the flow of surface water after heavy rains, improving infiltration rates and particle deposition, thus preventing soil erosion, nutrient losses and degradation of water quality in downstream channels and rivers. The plant residues reduce soil crust formation and decrease evaporation rates (Gangan et al. 2022). The residues also improve biological activity and the build-up of soil organic matter (SOM) and clay-humus complexes. The increased SOM content improves water storage capacity and thus water use efficiency throughout the growing season (Stadler, 2014; Busari et al. 2015).
Strip-till seeding is a precision farming technology that requires a high precision GPS guidance system and specific machinery, such as seed drills to cut through crop residues. The distance beween the strips depends on the cultivated crop. For maize cultivation it is typically 75cm. Strip-till machinery is often heavier than conventional seeding drills because the undisturbed soil is denser and harder. Often a new tractor with more horsepower is needed to compensate for the heavy weights. If mulch seeding is used, grain harvesters equipped with well-designed straw/chaff spreading devices across the full cutting width are required (Corsi & Muminjanov, 2019).
Strip-till also has negative side effects, which are related to the disadvantages of no-till: delayed soil warming, soil compaction, increased disease pressure, and increased weed pressure. Without ploughing, other measures such as selecting fast-growing and effective ground cover species, early high-density seeding, and/or using herbicides are needed to control weeds, especially in the transition period (first 2-3 years) when the seed bank in the soil is well-filled.
In our documented example, the farmer used strip-till on sandy soils (lacking nutrients, with poor water-holding capacity) and combined it with the application of organic fertilizer. Specifically the strip-till seeding of maize was chosen to make efficient use of digestate from a biogas plant. The digestate is applied in the tilled strips (seed bed) providing organic fertilizer for the whole growing season. A winter-killed catch crop was sown before drilling maize. The technology required expensive machinery and equipment, such as a Volmer Strip-Till Culex ML, RTK station and GPS guidance system. However, the costs were recouped through savings in fuel and fertilizer.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新

注释（项目类型等）:

The farmer wanted to have a system to effectively incorporate biogas residues.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响

• To effectively incorporate biogas residues.

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 最小的土壤扰动
• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

€

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

0.91

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Equipment purchase
2.	Installation of precision farming technology (RTK station, GPS guidance system)

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
设备	GPS-guidance system	GPS-guidance system	1.0	25000.0	25000.0	100.0
设备	Volmer Strip-till Culex ML	Vomer Strip-till Culex ML	1.0	25000.0	25000.0	100.0
设备	RTK-station	RTK-station	1.0	17500.0	17500.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					67500.0
技术建立总成本，美元					74175.82

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Farmer stated that it is complicated to get subsidies. He said: "equipment subsidies are like a lottery".

注释:

There are no details available about the operating life of the machinery - thus no "per hectare per year" calculation can be estimated.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Spreading biogas digestate	March/April
2.	Combined strip-till	April/May
3.	Weed bonitour	June
4.	Crop protection measure	June
5.	Silage	September/October
6.	Transport to biogas plant	September/October

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

如果您无法分解上表中的成本，请估算维护该技术所需要的总成本。:

-73.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

80€/ha are covered by the state of saxony, AL_2 Strip seeding/ direct seeding (SMUL Sachsen, 2015)

注释:

According to the farmer, there are few additional costs to maintain the technology, but there are savings in diesel, labor, etc., resulting in total savings of approx. -73€/ha.

It is not possible for external experts (given the information available) to calculate, independently, the annual costs with any reliability.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

If the work is done by a contracting company, the costs are 10-20% higher.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Eroded gleysol

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

The assessment is based on the response of the interviewed farmer and not based on on-site measurements.

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

The assessment is based on expert judgement of the compiler and not based on local measurements.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
其他渐变气候	Changing weather conditions	增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
热浪	好

注释:

The changing weather conditions lead to a higher motivation and higher willingness to invest.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

注释:

The farmer adopted the technology without receiving subsidy for the machinery and precision farming technology. However, with the most recent subsidy systems it is possible to get hectare-based payments for applying strip-till.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Economically beneficial.
Savings of operations in sowing and tillage.
Higher soil moisture, improved water-use-efficiency through the whole growing season.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Less erosion (less bare soil).
Higher water infiltration rates (more macro- and mesopores due to roots and improved biological activities).
Improved soil health and quality. Plant residues/cover crops increase biological activity, such as the presence of earthworms that digest plant residues into clay-humus-complexes, improving soil structure.
Greater planting time flexibility. The new crop can be sown as soon as the previous crop is harvested and weather conditions are suitable.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Component failure of the technology: it is quite susceptible to interference during data transmission.	Thus, in Germany, for example, better grid development is needed.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Increased weed pressure.	However, this often occurs only in the first few years. Planting of cover crops can suppress weeds.
Increased disease pressure.	Can be overcome by diverse crop rotation without direct repetitions (e.g. wheat-wheat, or maize-maize). Grinding of residues for faster decomposition.
Delayed soil warming-	Adjustment can include underfoot fertilization as well as injection fertilization.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Corsi, S. and Muminjanov, H. (2019): Conservation Agriculture: Training guide for extension agents and farmers in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Rome, FAO.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://www.fao.org/sustainable-agricultural-mechanization/resources/publications/details/ar/c/1195731/

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Busari et al. (2015): Conservation tillage impacts on soil, crop and the environment. International Soil and Water Conservation Research 3(2)

URL:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.05.002

标题/说明:

Stadler (2014): Mulchsaat zu Mais- das „Wie“ entscheidet. LfL

URL:

https://www.lfl.bayern.de/mam/cms07/iab/dateien/mais_2-2014_stadler_mulchsaat2.pdf

标题/说明:

Gangan et al. (2022): Effect of raindrop splashes on topsoil structure and infiltration characteristics. CATENA 212

URL:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106040

标题/说明:

Schmidt et al. (2001): Conservation tillage - A new strategy in flood control. 287-293. In J. Marsalek et al.: Advances in urban stormwater and agricultural runoff source controls. quoted in: LfULG- Landesamt für Umwelt; Landwirtschaft und Geologie: Direktsaat.

URL:

https://www.landwirtschaft.sachsen.de/direktsaat-19689.html

标题/说明:

SMUL Sachsen (2015): Förderperiode 2014-2020- Art. 28 der Verordnung (EU) Nr. 1305/2013 - Richtlinie Agrarumwelt- und Klimamaßnahmen (RL AUK/2015)-Sächsisches Agrarumwelt- und Naturschutzprogramm (AUNaP)

URL:

https://www.smul.sachsen.de/lfulg/download/AUK-Massnahmen-Ueberblick.pdf