1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Community-based sustainable land and forest management in Afghanistan

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

FAO Afghanistan (FAO Afghanistan) - 阿富汗

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

No, the technology described here is not problematic with regard to land degradation. In fact, it promotes sustainable land management by enhancing soil health, preventing erosion, and supporting afforestation efforts. This technology contributes to the restoration and conservation of forest ecosystems.

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Water exploitation is a major issue in Afghanistan, and this technology helps to irrigate an afforestation/agroforestry area (demonstration plot) using surface water (rivers) and solar-powered submersible pump. The construction of reservoirs at the demo plot site ensures efficient water storage and use for irrigation purposes without relying on groundwater. A well-designed pipe irrigation scheme is implemented to distribute water evenly across the site, supporting plant irrigation and growth.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Water exploitation is a critical issue in Afghanistan, and the project aims to address this challenge through innovative and sustainable technology. The technology involves the use of solar panels and submersible water pumps to efficiently lift water from a nearby river to constructed reservoirs, which is then distributed by gravity with the help of a pipe system to irrigate planted saplings in the afforested and agroforestry area. For afforestation, Pinus eldarica (Afghan pine) was planted due to its adaptability and soil stabilization properties. Additionally, citrus and persimmon trees are introduced for agroforestry, combining tree cultivation with agricultural benefits. This integrated technology promotes biodiversity, soil health, and sustainable land use, making the site a model/ demonstration site for afforestation and agroforestry practices. This is a significant advancement in the local area, utilizing clean energy to promote sustainable land & forest management and environmental restoration. The project is implemented on communal land, covering 50.25 hectares of land.
The primary purpose of this technology is to create an efficient irrigation system that extracts and transports water to support afforestation and agroforestry activities. By doing so, it aims to restore forest cover, mitigate environmental challenges such as land degradation, and promote long-term ecological and socio-economic sustainability. The technology includes key components such as solar panels, water pumps (submersible), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes, water reservoirs, and saplings. Additionally, it requires labor, technical assistance, capacity-building programs, and construction materials for its establishment and maintenance.
The benefits of this technology are substantial. It has successfully irrigated previously barren land, achieving an impressive 85% survival rate for the saplings that were planted in the plot, while preventing land degradation and improving soil health. Without this technology, survival rates would drop to zero due to the arid conditions. Furthermore, the project has enhanced the capacities of local farmers/community members, enabling them to replicate and demonstrate the technology within their community. This has fostered a sense of ownership and empowerment among land users.
Land users have expressed both appreciation and concerns regarding the technology. On the positive side, they value its efficiency and reliability, as the solar panels provide a consistent water supply, especially during the hot/sunny season, leading to increased greenery and healthier trees. The cost-effectiveness of solar energy, with its low operational costs compared to traditional diesel pumps, has also been a significant advantage. Additionally, the environmentally friendly nature of the technology aligns with their desire for sustainable practices. The capacity-building programs provided by organizations like FAO have further empowered users to manage the system effectively.
However, some challenges have been noted. The initial investment costs for purchasing, installing and construction of the technology are high, making it difficult for smallholder farmers to replicate. Technical issues, such as inverter failures or battery malfunctions during extreme weather conditions (e.g., cloudy weather), can disrupt operations. Additionally, not all community members are equally informed about the technology’s benefits, highlighting the need for increased outreach and engagement efforts to ensure broader adoption and understanding.
In summary, this solar-powered irrigation technology represents a groundbreaking innovation in the area, combining clean energy with sustainable land management practices. While it has demonstrated significant environmental and agricultural benefits, addressing the challenges of initial costs, technical reliability, and community engagement will be crucial for its long-term success and scalability.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2022

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

GEF-06 Community based Sustainable Land and Forest Management in Afghanistan

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农林业

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

注释:

5 decades ago the area was a forest, but due to war, smuggling and drought the area become barren land.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

The saplings planted in the area have been supplementary irrigated. Prior to the implementation of this technology, the land was barren, and seasonal rains led to soil erosion.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 森林种植管理
• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 节能技术

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

The project has successfully implemented afforestation by planting forest trees and promoting agroforestry through the cultivation of fruit trees. To improve irrigation management, the project installed a 1-inch underground pipeline system with connected taps, enabling the attachment of flexible hoses. This efficient setup ensures optimal watering of saplings while significantly reducing water waste. By implementing this approach, the project has enhanced vegetative cover and successfully planted approximately 32,000 saplings. Additionally, the project constructed 14 rotating mounting structures for solar panels, installed 134 solar panels, established pipe schemes for manual irrigation of saplings, and constructed 6 water reservoirs with different capacities. The integration of trees at optimal spacing, combined with regular cultural practices, has further supported the project's goals.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

The planting pits are specially designed for planting of saplings. Additionally, farmers construct small barriers near plants (eye-brows and trenches), known as micro-catchments, to collect and retain water. It is important to note that these micro-catchments are distinct structures, separate from pits and reservoirs, and are specifically built to support water retention for plants. The enhanced vegetation cover and the establishment of micro-catchments for water collection significantly reduce soil erosion. Soil improvement and enrichment, as well as habitat enhancement, are supported through these practices. Additionally, they contribute to groundwater recharge and help control runoff.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

The human-induced causes of land degradation include deforestation, overgrazing of livestock, and unsustainable agricultural practices. In response, following the implementation of a specific technology, local communities established regulations rooted in their customs and traditions to protect the site, which is quarantined for five years. These regulations prohibit herders from grazing animals, cutting trees, engaging in unsustainable agricultural practices, and uprooting bushes for fuelwood. Additionally, the community has constructed rainwater harvesting structures, such as eyebrows and trenches, across the site to address natural causes of land degradation through runoff by enhancing water infiltration. As a result, the site is now effectively protected from both human-induced and natural land degradation.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Awareness and mobilization of the community	Aug-2021
2.	Survey and site selection followed by feasibility study	Sep to Oct-2021
3.	Stakeholder consultation	Aug-2021 till Sep-2022
4.	Preparation of technical design, drawings, and Bill of Quantities (BoQ).	Nov to Dec-2021
5.	Initiation of procurement process for required tools and equipment	Jan to Feb-2022
6.	Excavation and construction of water reservoirs, setting up pipe system and installation of solar panels for irrigation.	Mar to Sep-2022
7.	Capacity building of the target communities	Aug- 2021 till date
8.	Practical interventions: production or purchase of saplings, digging planting pits, transplatation and irrigation of saplings and establishment of micro-catchments	Feb to Mar-2023

注释:

The awareness-raising session on Sustainable Land Management (SLM) and Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) was successfully held to improve understanding of land and forest management practices and conservation efforts. Community members were actively mobilized to support the project, aiding in the completion of construction and installation work.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Unskilled labor for planting of saplings	Man/day	450.0	5.0	2250.0	100.0
劳动力	Skilled labor for installation of irrigation system and constuction of reservoirs	Man/day	50.0	10.0	500.0
设备	Water Pump 2 inch - 10HP/7500w	Number	4.0	450.0	1800.0
设备	Solar Panel minimum size 400W and 270W	Number	132.0	82.0	10824.0
设备	DC to AC Inverter 7.5-11KW	Number	4.0	450.0	1800.0
设备	Polyethylene Pipes 2 Inch and 1.5 Inch with all elbows, joints, connectors and valves after 30 meter for both sides to connect pipes.	Meter	4300.0	2.75	11825.0
设备	Rotating PV panels mounting structure (manual)	Number	28.0	270.0	7560.0
设备	DC and AC current wire	Meter	1800.0	2.5	4500.0
设备	Distribution board	Number	2.0	70.0	140.0
设备	Flexon 1 inch rubberize pipes	Meter	5500.0	1.4	7700.0
植物材料	Saplings procured & transported	Sapling	32000.0	0.775	24800.0
植物材料	Planting tools	lump sum	1.0	500.0	500.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Organic fertilizers for transplanted saplings added through community	Kg	16000.0	0.1	1600.0	100.0
施工材料	Ssix (6) reservoirs constructed by a construction company (cement, stone, sand excavation and etc..	lump sum	1.0	35000.0	35000.0
其它	Patrolling, irrigating and quarantine of the site	lump sum	1.0	1000.0	1000.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					111799.0
技术建立总成本，美元					111799.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The remining cost were covered by the project.

注释:

The first two 2-inch submersible pumps draw water from the river to supply the first reservoir. From there, two additional 2-inch submersible pumps transfer water from the first reservoir to the central reservoir. The water then flows to the other four reservoirs through gravity.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Cleaning of sedimentation of reservoirs	Spring/annually
2.	Patrolling	All seasons/regular
3.	Repairing solar system & water pump (submersible)	Ad hoc /Annually
4.	Plot maintenance (Pest-diseases control, mulching, weeding,).	Spring & Automn/annually
5.	Replacement of failed saplings	Feb/two times (1st & 2nd year)
6.	Repairing micro-catchments	Spring/annually

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labor for cleaning of sedimentation of reservoirs	Man/day	60.0	5.0	300.0	100.0
劳动力	Labor for patrolling	Man/day	360.0	5.0	1800.0	100.0
劳动力	Labor for repairing micro-catchments	Man/day	20.0	5.0	100.0	100.0
劳动力	Manage the solar system operations	Man/day	360.0	2.77	997.2	100.0
劳动力	Labor for weeding and mulching	Man/day	30.0	5.0	150.0	100.0
设备	Pump submersible, PVC pipe, fittings	lumpsum	3.0	500.0	1500.0	100.0
设备	Shovels	lumpsum	1.0	140.0	140.0	100.0
植物材料	saplings	Sapling	2000.0	0.6	1200.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Organic fertilizers (cows dungs)	Kg	16000.0	0.1	1600.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					7787.2
技术维护总成本，美元					7787.2

注释:

The community has hired an individual to manage the solar system operations. This person is responsible for both operating the solar system for lifting water and overseeing the distribution of water for irrigation purposes among community members.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

All equipement is imported and of high cost.
Natural hazards, floods and windstorms will increase the costs of repairs and replacement

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凹陷情况

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

频繁

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

In Afghanistan, the traditional land use system involves the equitable distribution of deserts and barren land among the local residents. The decisions made by the elders are respected and adhered to by all members of the community.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	适度
年降雨量		增加	适度
季雨量	春季	增加	适度

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地风暴	适度

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

The community economic condition is not good. So, without receiving incentives they are not able to adopt such technology easily.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Improved water availability with minimized fuel cost and decreased pollution as well as minimum operational cost
Opportunities/ potential for upscaling of the technology
Use of clean energy to contribute to mitigate climate change
Reduce greenhouse emission through carbon sequestration

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The technology is very efficient and can be adopted by land users. Also it helps in promoting clean energy and hence reducing greenhouse emission also through carbon sequestration. It contributes to adaptation tp climate change.
The area has been successfully afforested, restoring its natural beauty and original landscape.
The vegetation cover on the previously degraded land has been significantly enhanced.
This technology with its approach for implementation represents an effective solution for the restoration of degraded soils.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Inadequate maintenance and repair services of the technology	Linkage to the service provider and maintenance services. National wide technology transfer
Solar water lifting relies on fully sunny days for operation, which can sometimes be a limitation, especially when weather conditions are cloudy or during periods of low sunlight. This can result in insufficient water being lifted to meet the irrigation needs of the site.	Backup charging system/battery system

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Solar water lifting depends on sunny days for operation, which can sometimes fall short of meeting irrigation needs during cloudy periods.	Combining solar power with backup energy (like batteries or grid connection)

7.1 信息的方法/来源