1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Scaling-up SLM practices by smallholder farmers (IFAD)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Switzerland

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

12/05/2017

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

Nee

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Teak commonly refered to as Tectona grandis is preferred as a timber species in Northern Uganda by both small, medium and large scale farmers. A teak plantation is normally established for purposes of providing timber and income but also sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide and act as wind break.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

To establish this practice, the land-user puts into consideration the following: pitting at a depth of 3.5 inch, trees to be planted and spaced at 3 metres x 3 meters using the following inputs: tree seedlings, wheelbarrow, hoes, pangas and labour.

During the process, the tree stems are cut at 30cm length and planted. The stem is placed upright and later covered with soil. If there is adequate rain then some tip of the stem is left exposed but if rainfall is inadequate then the stem tip is covered in order for the plant to have enough moisture for its growth. It takes two weeks for the tip to get exposed on the surface when fully covered. The plant automatically appears with two leave lets.

The leaves when exposed to excessive sunlight can dry up and this retards its growth. This may require watering by the land user. At the early stage, the teak plantation can be inter cropped with beans and other crops such as sesame since the teak plantation has not yet formed a big canopy. This can be done for two years and later only slashing within the plantation needs to be done to maintain the plantation. The dry fallen leaves also kill weeds hence easing maintenance work. The trees are to be protected from fire outbreaks during dry season. In the month of November, fire lines are to be created and the dry leaves collected to mulch the plantation.

The cost of establishing a Teak plantations is high in the first 2-3 years but reduces significantly after first thinning. The cost of weeding can be reduced by spot-weeding of seedlings up to age 3 years, after which slashing or spraying with herbicides, usually Round-up is used for weed control. Wood from thinning is also sold as firewood or construction poles to recover some the establishment costs.

Shedding of teak leaves is heavy during the dry season and this causes a risk of fire. It’s advisable at this stage that the land user puts in place fire lines, an open space of 6 meters to separate the plantation into compartments in order to restrict fire from spreading from one part to another part.

Teak plantations are good at responding to dry conditions and can provide high-quality timber which in turn provides income. Teak trees provide hardwood timber, poles and modify the micro-climate through evapotranspiration. Fencing is done using bulb wires to avoid damage by wild animals and encroachments. The teak trees occupy land for a long period of time that can be used for other purposes like planting food crops. The piled dry teak leaves may harbour dangerous animals like snakes. Community members also complain about too much rainfall brought about by the plantation.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2009

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through land users' innovation

Comments (type of project, etc.):

The land user copied the technique of teak planting from his friend in Arua District.

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production
• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• reduce risk of disasters
• adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts
• mitigate climate change and its impacts
• create beneficial economic impact

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

If land use has changed due to the implementation of the Technology, indicate land use before implementation of the Technology:

Crop land garden for sesame growing.

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Comments:

improved variety drought resistant and fast maturing

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 1

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• forest plantation management

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:

• evenly spread over an area

If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:

• < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Firelines to prevent fire out breaks during the dry season.

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• reduce land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Teak is planted on a gently sloping natural environment with pitting done at a depth of 3.5 inch Trees are spaced at 3 metres x 3 meters using the following in puts: tree seedlings, wheel barrow hoe, pangas and labour.

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology area

other/ national currency (specify):

UGX

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	Site clearing for nursery bed	Vegetative	dry and wet
2.	Ploughing	Vegetative	wet season
3.	Pitting	Vegetative	wet season
4.	Planting	Vegetative	wet season

Comments:

Constant weeding and slashing is needed.

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Hired labours	Manday	30.0	3000.0	90000.0	100.0
Equipment	Ox-plough	pieces	1.0	280000.0	280000.0	100.0
Equipment	Pangas	pieces	15.0	10000.0	150000.0	100.0
Equipment	Axes	pieces	7.0	15000.0	105000.0	100.0
Equipment	String for lining	bundle	2.0	10000.0	20000.0	100.0
Plant material	Teak-seedlings	Stem	6000.0	1000.0	6000000.0	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					6645000.0

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	Hiring plantation manager	Management	dry and wet
2.	Weeding for 2years after planting	Management	wet season
3.	Slashing only after 2years	Management	dry and wet
4.	Prunning	Management	wet season
5.	Thining	Management	wet season
6.	Fenching the plantation	Management	dry and wet
7.	Creating firelines during dry seasons	Management	dry season
8.	spraying	Management	wet and dry season

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Plantation watchman	acres	2.0	150000.0	300000.0	100.0
Labour	Labour for fenching	acres	8.0	100000.0	800000.0	100.0
Equipment	Poles for fenching	acres	790.0	2000.0	1580000.0	100.0
Equipment	Bulb wires	bundle	4.0	150000.0	600000.0	100.0
Equipment	Fellkin (for termites)	bottles	5.0	7000.0	35000.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					3315000.0

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• not relevant

Comments and further specifications on topography:

Flat landscape supports mechanisation

5.3 Soils

5.4 Water availability and quality

Is water salinity a problem?

Nee

Is flooding of the area occurring?

Nee

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

The community uses borehole water which is suitable for consumption.

5.5 Biodiversity

Comments and further specifications on biodiversity:

Variety of wild species exists

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• individual, not titled

Land use rights:

• individual

Water use rights:

• communal (organized)

Comments:

Land user has to acquire land title for security purposes.

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

Climate and disaster risk reduction

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	Type of climatic change/ extreme	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	moderately
seasonal temperature	dry season	increase	moderately
annual rainfall		decrease	moderately
seasonal rainfall	wet/ rainy season	decrease	moderately

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm	moderately
local windstorm	moderately

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	moderately
forest fire	not well
land fire	not well

Biological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
epidemic diseases	moderately
insect/ worm infestation	moderately

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

After five years the poles can be harvested for construction and income purposes

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• 1-10%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

02

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 90-100%

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

Nee

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
The technology is good at providing income from sale of branches, timber and poles.
The technology is good at creating good neighborhood since it marks boundaries clearly.
The technology is good at modifying micro climate.
Very good at improving biodiversity.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
The technology prevents land conflict since firelines are established to reduce fire out breaks.
Dry leaves provided by teak as litter is good for mulching hence increasing productivity.
The technology is good at providing cool and pleasant environment.
Initial costs of implementation high

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Fire outbreak during the dry season	Creating fire lines during dry season
Negative attitude from other community members	Encouraging tree plantation among community members.

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Teak takes long to mature	At least poles can be sold after five years

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.3 Links to relevant information which is available online

Title/ description:

Forest plantations and woodlots in Kenya

URL:

https://www.sifi.se/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Forest-plantations-and-woodlots-in-Kenya.pdf