1.2 تفاصيل الاتصال بالأشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات والمؤسسات المشاركة في تقييم وتوثيق التقنية

اسم المؤسسة (المؤسسات) التي سهلت توثيق/تقييم التقنية (إذا كان ذلك على صلة)

Federal Research Station for fruit-growing, viticulture and horticulture (FAW/RAC) - سويسرا

اسم المؤسسة (المؤسسات) التي سهلت توثيق/تقييم التقنية (إذا كان ذلك على صلة)

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - سويسرا

1.3 الشروط المتعلقة باستخدام البيانات الموثقة من خلال WOCAT

متى تم تجميع البيانات (ميدانيا)؟:

27/01/2004

يوافق جامع المعلومات والشخص (لاشخاص) الرئيسي لمصدر المعلومات على الشروط المتعلقة باستخدام البيانات الموثقة من خلال WOCAT:

نعم

1.5 الإشارة إلى الاستبيان (الاستبيانات) حول مناهج الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي

2.1 وصف مختصر للتقنية

تعريف التقنية:

Contour small bench terraces with stabilising permanent green cover in steep sloping vineyards.

2.2 وصف تفصيلي للتقنية

الوصف:

Description: The vineyards of the region are all, for micro-climatc reasons, more or less sloped. The technology is applied on steep to very steep slopes. It ist characterised by two elements: 1) small bench terrace with one contour-oriented vine row per terrace and 2) an initially sown all-year green cover of the soil surface for stabilisation reasons (green cover is also used between vine rows which are oriented up and down the slope, eg not terraced, see SWI01).
Purpose: Main purpose of the terrace construction is a possible mechanisation on steep to very steep slopes. Direct purpose of the green cover is the stabilisation of the small terraces, indirect but important purpose is the prevention of soil degradation, especially soil erosion by water and - secondary - to protect soil surface from compactation when using mechanised equipment.
Establishment: The terraces are constructed by external specialists and heavy machinery (walking excavator, type "Menzi Muck") and are considered to serve for a whole life cycle of the vine (20-40 years). The green cover is sown since stabilisation is needed from the very beginning on. The duration of the establishment is 3 years. Because of insufficient root length of young vines agronomic and vegetative measures differ from the "normal" measures: For reasons of competition the space around the freshly planted vines is kept free from vegetation with a hoe.
Maintenance: the topsoil is ripped from time to time with fuel driven machine (spade machine tracked by tractor). Cover vegetation is either cut or chopped and serves as mulching . Herbicides are applied around the vines. Minimum tillage and cutting / mulching may additionally serve to mobilise nutrients and to increase organic matter content or to eliminate competition of cover vegetation.
Natural environment: the vineyards are mainly placed on mountain or hill slopes, below 600 m a.s.l., annual rainfall is around 1000 mm with at least one erosive storm per year. The geological underground is limy, locally layered by Molasse (type of conglomerate). Soil properties are strongly influenced by anthropogenic activities (viticulture). Main degradation problem without green cover is erosion by water.
Human environment / land use: the region has a strong wine growing tradition (several centuries), belongs to the important Swiss wine growing regions and is not very densly populated.
First experiments with green cover in Switzerland were done in the 70ies around Zürich on contour small bench terraces, in the region of the lake of Biel contour small bench terraces with green cover started to be implemented in the 80ies

2.3 صور التقنية

2.5 البلد/المنطقة/المواقع التي تم تنفيذ التقنية فيها والتي يغطيها هذا التقييم

2.6 تاريخ التنفيذ

في حالة عدم معرفة السنة بالتحديد، يرجى الإشارة إلى التاريخ التقريبي:

• منذ أقل من 10 سنوات (مؤخرًا)

2.7 إدخال التقنية

حدد كيف تم إدخال التقنية:

• من خلال المشاريع/ التدخلات الخارجية

التعليقات (نوع المشروع، الخ):

The development of contour small bench terraces with green cover in vineyards was (also on the international level) essentially promoted and supported by the Federal Research Station for fruit-growing, viticulture and horticulture in Wädenswil (Canton of Zürich) and Changins (Canton of Vaud)

3.2 نوع (أنواع) استخدام الأراضي الحالية حيث يتم تطبيق التقنية

التعليقات:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The main problem was decreasing soil fertility, especially throug soil erosion by water with negative off-site effects like sand- /sediment deposition and contamination of groundwater by nutrients. It became a serious problem since the 60ies when the fact became visible that the traditional labour-intensive cultivation system, which was strongly dependent on external inputss, could no longer be sustained within an industrialised agriculture system.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: a vine plantation is established for a period of 20-40 years (lifetime of a vine). Some farmers make one year of fallow between the destruction of the old and the establishment of a new plantation.

3.3 مزيد من المعلومات حول استخدام الأراضي

التعليقات:

Water supply: rainfed, mixed rainfed - irrigated

عدد مواسم الزراعة في السنة:

• 1

حدد:

Longest growing period in days: 210Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Oct

3.4 مجموعةالإدارة المستدامة للأراضي التي تنتمي إليها هذه التقنية

• تحسين الغطاء الأرضي/النباتي
• التدابير المتقاطعة للمنحدرات

• Stabilisation of terraces

3.5 انتشار التقنية

التعليقات:

The technology is applied in all winegrowing regions of Switzerland, but under different conditions. The technology described (SWI02) is based on a case study of one region

3.6 التدابير التقنية في مجال إلادارة المستدامة للأراضي

3.7 الأنواع الرئيسية من تدهور الأراضي التي تناولتها التقنية

التعليقات:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wo: offsite degradation effects

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Cp: soil pollution, Pc: compaction, Pk: sealing and crusting

Main causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (agricultural causes: fast changing basic conditions of viticulture in the last 100 years), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of knowledge), fast changing basic conditions of viticulture (economy, laws)

3.8 منع أو حد أو عكس تدهور الأراضي

تحديد هدف التقنية فيما يتعلق بتدهور الأراضي:

• الحد من تدهور الأراضي

التعليقات:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 الرسم الفني للتقنية

4.2 المواصفات الفنية/شروحات الرسم الفني

Technical drawing of small contour bench terraces with permanent green cover. A = width of terrace, B = tractor area, C = distance between vine plant and terrace edge, D = gradient of terrace riser, E = distance of vine rows, F = orignal slope, G = zone of application of herbicides (10-40 cm).

Date: June 2003

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, improvement of ground cover

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, increase of surface roughness, increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, improvement of soil structure, increase in soil fertility

Mulching
Material/ species: cut or chopped cover vegetation
Remarks: dispersed over the whole surface; if possible cutting/chopping (alternating)

Agronomic measure: removing less vegetation cover
Material/ species: cut or chopped cover vegetation, vine leaves and cut branches
Remarks: between vine rows

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: compost
Remarks: only sporadically (every 5-10 year or less)

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: nitrogen
Quantity/ density: 0-50 kg/ha
Remarks: normally rather little nitrogen

Agronomic measure: mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: potassium
Quantity/ density: 0-20 kg/ha

Agronomic measure: mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: magnesium
Quantity/ density: 0-25 kg/ha

Agronomic measure: mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: phosphorus
Quantity/ density: 0-20 kg/ha

Breaking compacted subsoil
Remarks: only on terrace, if possible only every second row/terrace (alternating)

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: G : grass

Grass species: different grass species, taraxacum, veronica, legumes, calystegia, geranium...

Terrace: bench level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.3 m
Spacing between structures (m): 2.5 m

Construction material (earth): only earth of parcel

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 60%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.4 أنشطة التأسيس

	النشاط	نوع التدبير	التوقيت
1.	sowing cover vegetation on the terrace riser (for stabilisation) (nonrecurring)	نباتية	winter/spring, usually at the same time as a new plantation is established
2.	letting grow natural cover vegetation on terrace (nonrecurring)	نباتية	winter/spring, usually at the same time as a new plantation is established
3.	Removing vegetation around vines (diameter of vegetation-free zone: 10 - 40 cm)	نباتية	during season (Mai – October), 2 - 4 times, when necessary.
4.	removing old vines	بنيوية أو هيكلية	winter/spring
5.	deep tillage	بنيوية أو هيكلية	winter/spring
6.	construction of terraces	بنيوية أو هيكلية	winter/spring
7.	support of construction of terraces	بنيوية أو هيكلية	winter/spring

4.5 التكاليف والمدخلات اللازمة للتأسيس

التعليقات:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.6 الصيانة/الأنشطة المتكررة

	النشاط	نوع التدبير	التوقيت/الوتيرة
1.	cuting and not removing vine leaves and branches	زراعية	winter / annual
2.	fertilising (mineral or manure/compost)	زراعية	April/May / annual
3.	cutting / chopping and then mulcihng cover vegetation	زراعية	during cropping season (first time April/May) / each row 2-4 times during cropping season
4.	cuting and not removing vine leaves and branches	زراعية	during cropping season / several times during cropping season
5.	breaking compacted topsoil	زراعية	April/May / each row every 4-8 years
6.	application of herbicides (glyphosates)	نباتية	beginning of season (May), if necessary second time in Aug./Sept /once (if necessary twice) during s
7.	putting back earth which war fallen from the terrace riser to the terrace	بنيوية أو هيكلية	winter/spring/if necessary
8.	slightly reshaping terraces	بنيوية أو هيكلية	winter/spring/if necessary

4.7 التكاليف والمدخلات اللازمة للصيانة/للأنشطة المتكررة (سنويًا)

التعليقات:

Machinery/ tools: e.g.: walking excavator, hoe, mower with tracked vehicle or portable motor scythe, spading machine with tracked vehicle; knapsack sprayer or biocide t

4.8 أهم العوامل المؤثرة على التكاليف

قدم وصفا لأهم العوامل التي تؤثر على التكاليف:

(manual) labour

5.1 المناخ

5.2 طوبوغرافيا

التعليقات والمواصفات الإضافية بشأن التضاريس:

Altitudinal zone: 501-1000 m a.s.l. (For climatic reasons vines grow hardly above 600 m a.s.l. in Switzerland)
Landforms: Hill slopes (most of them southeastward sloping hills (part of the Jura mountain range))
Slopes on average: Steep (31-60%) (Vines are planted on different slopes. But contour small bench terraces are applied at steep slopes)

5.3 التربة

إذا كان متاحًا، قم بإرفاق وصف كامل للتربة أو تحديد المعلومات المتوفرة، على سبيل المثال نوع التربة، الرقم الهيدروجيني/ درجة حموضة التربة، قدرة التبادل الكاتيوني، النيتروجين، الملوحة وما إلى ذلك.

Soil depth: From shallow to very deep (Soil depth is very irregular, at some places limestone rocks appear at the surface, at other places soil can be quite deep.But if soil is very shallow for the whole parcel contour small bench terraces)
Soil fertilits is medium (Vines are normally grown on rather marginal spots. Compared to the general productivity these soils have a medium fertility. (If measured at the vine itself, soil fertility is sufficient/high))
Topsoil organic matter is medium (loamy,silty) (without / before SWC (green cover))
Soil drainage/infiltration is mostly good, at some spots medium (depressions; when high percentage of clay)
Soil water storage capacity is medium (without / before SWC (green cover)), high (without / before SWC (green cover)) or low (without / before SWC (green cover). Depressions; when high percentage of clay)

5.6 خصائص مستخدمي الأراضي الذين يطبقون التقنية

اذكر الخصائص الأخرى ذات الصلة لمستخدمي الأراضي:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%
Off-farm income specification: This is representative for the full time winegrowers. The majority of winegrowers do winegrowing beside a regular off-farm job as a hobby. Nearly all winegrowers have implementeted the SWC technology. Probably there is no difference in hobby-winegrowers and full-time-winegrowers concernring implementation of the SWC technology.
Level of mechanization: Manual labour (most of the work in the vineyard is done by hand (especially harvest)) or mechanised (some of the activities are carried out with fuel driven equipment. But mechanisation is moderate since big and heavy machines cannot been applied in these vineyards).
Market orientation is commercial/market (in the region of the lake of Biel the majority of grapes are pressed to wine an then and sold directly from the farm's wine cellar)

5.7 متوسط مساحة الأرض المملوكة أو المستأجرة من قبل مستخدمي الأراضي الذين يطبقون التقنية

5.8 ملكية الأراضي، وحقوق استخدام الأراضي، وحقوق استخدام المياه

ملكية الارض:

• فردية، يوجد سند ملكية

حقوق استخدام الأراضي:

• فردي

6.1 الآثار التي أظهرتها التقنية في الموقع

الآثار الاجتماعية والاقتصادية

الإنتاج

الدخل والتكاليف

آثار اجتماعية واقتصادية أخرى

الآثار الاجتماعية والثقافية

الآثار الايكولوجية

التربة

التنوع البيولوجي: الغطاء النباتي، الحيوانات

الحد من مخاطر المناخ والكوارث

الآثار الايكولوجية الأخرى

6.2 الآثار التي أظهرتها التقنية خارج الموقع

6.4 تحليل التكلفة والعائد

كيف يمكن مقارنة العوائد نسبة لتكاليف الإنشاء (من وجهة نظر مستخدمي الأراضي)؟

كيف تتم مقارنة العوائدمع كلفة الصيانة/التكاليف المتكررة (من وجهة نظر مستخدمي الأراضي)؟

6.5 اعتماد التقنية

من بين جميع الذين تبنوا التقنية، كم عدد الذين فعلوا ذلك بشكل تلقائي، أي دون تلقي أي حوافز مادية/مدفوعات؟:

• 100-90‏%

التعليقات:

10% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

90% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Contour small bench terraces with green cover are seen as good opportunity for viticulture in steep slopes. Adoption is done mainly spontaneous