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Tecnologías
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Contour small bench terraces with permanent green cover in vineyards [Suiza]

Ganzjährig begrünte Kleinterrassen im Rebbau

technologies_1011 - Suiza

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1. Información general

1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Persona(s) de referencia clave

Especialista MST:
Especialista MST:

Weissenbach Peter

+41 (0)43 783 61 11

info@faw.admin.ch

Federal Research Station for fruit-growing, viticulture and horticulture-FAW

Postfach 185, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland

Suiza

Especialista MST:

Spring Jean-Laurent

+41(0)22 363 44 44

info@rac.admin.ch

Federal Research Station for fruit-growing, viticulture and horticulture-RAC

CP 254 1260 Nyon 1, Switzerland

Suiza

usuario de la tierra:

Louis Hannes

+41 (32) 315 14 41

johannes.louis@schafiser.com

Louis Weinbau

Schafisweg 37a, 2514 Schafis, Switzerland

Suiza

usuario de la tierra:

Hasler Lukas

Hasler Weinbau

Moos 43, 2513 Twann, Switzerland

Suiza

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)
Federal Research Station for fruit-growing, viticulture and horticulture (FAW/RAC) - Suiza
Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)
CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Suiza

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

¿Cuándo se compilaron los datos (en el campo)?

27/01/2004

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

1.5 Referencia al (los) Cuestionario(s) de Enfoques MST

2. Descripción de la Tecnología MST

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Contour small bench terraces with stabilising permanent green cover in steep sloping vineyards.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

Description: The vineyards of the region are all, for micro-climatc reasons, more or less sloped. The technology is applied on steep to very steep slopes. It ist characterised by two elements: 1) small bench terrace with one contour-oriented vine row per terrace and 2) an initially sown all-year green cover of the soil surface for stabilisation reasons (green cover is also used between vine rows which are oriented up and down the slope, eg not terraced, see SWI01).
Purpose: Main purpose of the terrace construction is a possible mechanisation on steep to very steep slopes. Direct purpose of the green cover is the stabilisation of the small terraces, indirect but important purpose is the prevention of soil degradation, especially soil erosion by water and - secondary - to protect soil surface from compactation when using mechanised equipment.
Establishment: The terraces are constructed by external specialists and heavy machinery (walking excavator, type "Menzi Muck") and are considered to serve for a whole life cycle of the vine (20-40 years). The green cover is sown since stabilisation is needed from the very beginning on. The duration of the establishment is 3 years. Because of insufficient root length of young vines agronomic and vegetative measures differ from the "normal" measures: For reasons of competition the space around the freshly planted vines is kept free from vegetation with a hoe.
Maintenance: the topsoil is ripped from time to time with fuel driven machine (spade machine tracked by tractor). Cover vegetation is either cut or chopped and serves as mulching . Herbicides are applied around the vines. Minimum tillage and cutting / mulching may additionally serve to mobilise nutrients and to increase organic matter content or to eliminate competition of cover vegetation.
Natural environment: the vineyards are mainly placed on mountain or hill slopes, below 600 m a.s.l., annual rainfall is around 1000 mm with at least one erosive storm per year. The geological underground is limy, locally layered by Molasse (type of conglomerate). Soil properties are strongly influenced by anthropogenic activities (viticulture). Main degradation problem without green cover is erosion by water.
Human environment / land use: the region has a strong wine growing tradition (several centuries), belongs to the important Swiss wine growing regions and is not very densly populated.
First experiments with green cover in Switzerland were done in the 70ies around Zürich on contour small bench terraces, in the region of the lake of Biel contour small bench terraces with green cover started to be implemented in the 80ies

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

País:

Suiza

Región/ Estado/ Provincia:

Canton of Berne

Especifique más el lugar :

Lake of Biel

Comentarios:

The technology is applied in all winegrowing regions of Switzerland, but under different conditions.

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:
  • hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:
  • mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas
Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

The development of contour small bench terraces with green cover in vineyards was (also on the international level) essentially promoted and supported by the Federal Research Station for fruit-growing, viticulture and horticulture in Wädenswil (Canton of Zürich) and Changins (Canton of Vaud)

3. Clasificación de la Tecnología MST

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Tierras cultivadas

Tierras cultivadas

  • Cosecha de árboles y arbustos
Cosechas principales (comerciales y de subsistencia):

Major cash crop perennial tree/shrub cropping: Vine grape

Comentarios:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The main problem was decreasing soil fertility, especially throug soil erosion by water with negative off-site effects like sand- /sediment deposition and contamination of groundwater by nutrients. It became a serious problem since the 60ies when the fact became visible that the traditional labour-intensive cultivation system, which was strongly dependent on external inputss, could no longer be sustained within an industrialised agriculture system.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: a vine plantation is established for a period of 20-40 years (lifetime of a vine). Some farmers make one year of fallow between the destruction of the old and the establishment of a new plantation.

3.3 Información adicional sobre el uso de tierras

Comentarios:

Water supply: rainfed, mixed rainfed - irrigated

Número de temporadas de cultivo por año:
  • 1
Especifique:

Longest growing period in days: 210Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Oct

3.4 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

  • cobertura de suelo/ vegetal mejorada
  • medida de pendiente transversal
  • Stabilisation of terraces

3.5 Difusión de la Tecnología

Comentarios:

The technology is applied in all winegrowing regions of Switzerland, but under different conditions. The technology described (SWI02) is based on a case study of one region

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

erosión de suelos por agua

erosión de suelos por agua

  • Wt: pérdida de capa arable/ erosión de la superficie
  • Wo: efectos de degradación fuera del sitio
deterioro químico del suelo

deterioro químico del suelo

  • Cn: reducción de la fertilidad y contenido reducido de la materia orgánica del suelo (no ocasionados por la erosión)
  • Cp: contaminación del suelo
deterioro físico del suelo

deterioro físico del suelo

  • Pc: compactación
  • Pk: desmoronamiento y encostramiento
Comentarios:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wo: offsite degradation effects

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Cp: soil pollution, Pc: compaction, Pk: sealing and crusting

Main causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (agricultural causes: fast changing basic conditions of viticulture in the last 100 years), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of knowledge), fast changing basic conditions of viticulture (economy, laws)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:
  • reducir la degradación del suelo
Comentarios:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4. Especificaciones técnicas, actividades de implementación, insumos y costos

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

Autor:

Nicole Güdel, Berne, Switzerland

4.2 Especificaciones técnicas/ explicaciones del dibujo técnico

Technical drawing of small contour bench terraces with permanent green cover. A = width of terrace, B = tractor area, C = distance between vine plant and terrace edge, D = gradient of terrace riser, E = distance of vine rows, F = orignal slope, G = zone of application of herbicides (10-40 cm).

Date: June 2003

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, improvement of ground cover

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, increase of surface roughness, increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, improvement of soil structure, increase in soil fertility

Mulching
Material/ species: cut or chopped cover vegetation
Remarks: dispersed over the whole surface; if possible cutting/chopping (alternating)

Agronomic measure: removing less vegetation cover
Material/ species: cut or chopped cover vegetation, vine leaves and cut branches
Remarks: between vine rows

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: compost
Remarks: only sporadically (every 5-10 year or less)

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: nitrogen
Quantity/ density: 0-50 kg/ha
Remarks: normally rather little nitrogen

Agronomic measure: mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: potassium
Quantity/ density: 0-20 kg/ha

Agronomic measure: mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: magnesium
Quantity/ density: 0-25 kg/ha

Agronomic measure: mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: phosphorus
Quantity/ density: 0-20 kg/ha

Breaking compacted subsoil
Remarks: only on terrace, if possible only every second row/terrace (alternating)

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: G : grass

Grass species: different grass species, taraxacum, veronica, legumes, calystegia, geranium...

Terrace: bench level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1.3 m
Spacing between structures (m): 2.5 m

Construction material (earth): only earth of parcel

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 60%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.4 Actividades de establecimiento

Actividad Tipo de medida Momento
1. sowing cover vegetation on the terrace riser (for stabilisation) (nonrecurring) Vegetativas winter/spring, usually at the same time as a new plantation is established
2. letting grow natural cover vegetation on terrace (nonrecurring) Vegetativas winter/spring, usually at the same time as a new plantation is established
3. Removing vegetation around vines (diameter of vegetation-free zone: 10 - 40 cm) Vegetativas during season (Mai – October), 2 - 4 times, when necessary.
4. removing old vines Estructurales winter/spring
5. deep tillage Estructurales winter/spring
6. construction of terraces Estructurales winter/spring
7. support of construction of terraces Estructurales winter/spring

4.5 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.6 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

Actividad Tipo de medida Momento/ frequencia
1. cuting and not removing vine leaves and branches Agronómicas winter / annual
2. fertilising (mineral or manure/compost) Agronómicas April/May / annual
3. cutting / chopping and then mulcihng cover vegetation Agronómicas during cropping season (first time April/May) / each row 2-4 times during cropping season
4. cuting and not removing vine leaves and branches Agronómicas during cropping season / several times during cropping season
5. breaking compacted topsoil Agronómicas April/May / each row every 4-8 years
6. application of herbicides (glyphosates) Vegetativas beginning of season (May), if necessary second time in Aug./Sept /once (if necessary twice) during s
7. putting back earth which war fallen from the terrace riser to the terrace Estructurales winter/spring/if necessary
8. slightly reshaping terraces Estructurales winter/spring/if necessary

4.7 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

Comentarios:

Machinery/ tools: e.g.: walking excavator, hoe, mower with tracked vehicle or portable motor scythe, spading machine with tracked vehicle; knapsack sprayer or biocide t

4.8 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

(manual) labour

5. Entorno natural y humano

5.1 Clima

Lluvia anual
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Especificaciones/ comentarios sobre la cantidad de lluvia:

Average: Biel: 1200 mm. Region of Bielersee: 1000 - 1200 mm. Neuchâtel: 930 mm.

Zona agroclimática
  • Sub-húmeda

Thermal climate class: temperate

5.2 Topografía

Pendientes en promedio:
  • plana (0-2 %)
  • ligera (3-5%)
  • moderada (6-10%)
  • ondulada (11-15%)
  • accidentada (16-30%)
  • empinada (31-60%)
  • muy empinada (>60%)
Formaciones telúricas:
  • meseta/ planicies
  • cordilleras
  • laderas montañosas
  • laderas de cerro
  • pies de monte
  • fondo del valle
Zona altitudinal:
  • 0-100 m s.n.m.
  • 101-500 m s.n.m.
  • 501-1,000 m s.n.m
  • 1,001-1,500 m s.n.m
  • 1,501-2,000 m s.n.m
  • 2,001-2,500 m s.n.m
  • 2,501-3,000 m s.n.m
  • 3,001-4,000 m s.n.m
  • > 4,000 m s.n.m
Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Altitudinal zone: 501-1000 m a.s.l. (For climatic reasons vines grow hardly above 600 m a.s.l. in Switzerland)
Landforms: Hill slopes (most of them southeastward sloping hills (part of the Jura mountain range))
Slopes on average: Steep (31-60%) (Vines are planted on different slopes. But contour small bench terraces are applied at steep slopes)

5.3 Suelos

Profundidad promedio del suelo:
  • muy superficial (0-20 cm)
  • superficial (21-50 cm)
  • moderadamente profunda (51-80 cm)
  • profunda (81-120 cm)
  • muy profunda (>120 cm)
Textura del suelo (capa arable):
  • mediana (limosa)
Materia orgánica de capa arable:
  • media (1-3%)
Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil depth: From shallow to very deep (Soil depth is very irregular, at some places limestone rocks appear at the surface, at other places soil can be quite deep.But if soil is very shallow for the whole parcel contour small bench terraces)
Soil fertilits is medium (Vines are normally grown on rather marginal spots. Compared to the general productivity these soils have a medium fertility. (If measured at the vine itself, soil fertility is sufficient/high))
Topsoil organic matter is medium (loamy,silty) (without / before SWC (green cover))
Soil drainage/infiltration is mostly good, at some spots medium (depressions; when high percentage of clay)
Soil water storage capacity is medium (without / before SWC (green cover)), high (without / before SWC (green cover)) or low (without / before SWC (green cover). Depressions; when high percentage of clay)


5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Orientación del mercado del sistema de producción:
  • comercial/ mercado
Ingresos no agrarios:
  • menos del 10% de todos los ingresos
Nivel relativo de riqueza:
  • promedio
Nivel de mecanización:
  • trabajo manual
  • mecanizado/motorizado
Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%
Off-farm income specification: This is representative for the full time winegrowers. The majority of winegrowers do winegrowing beside a regular off-farm job as a hobby. Nearly all winegrowers have implementeted the SWC technology. Probably there is no difference in hobby-winegrowers and full-time-winegrowers concernring implementation of the SWC technology.
Level of mechanization: Manual labour (most of the work in the vineyard is done by hand (especially harvest)) or mechanised (some of the activities are carried out with fuel driven equipment. But mechanisation is moderate since big and heavy machines cannot been applied in these vineyards).
Market orientation is commercial/market (in the region of the lake of Biel the majority of grapes are pressed to wine an then and sold directly from the farm's wine cellar)

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra que pertenece a o es arrendada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Comentarios:

Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology: 0.5-1 ha, 1-2 ha, 2-5 ha, 5-15 ha (only winegrowing land!)

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:
  • individual, con título
Derechos de uso de tierra:
  • individual

6. Impactos y comentarios para concluir

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

producción de cultivo

disminuyó
incrementó
Comentarios/ especifique:

maximum production capacity is reduced due to 1. Plantation density is smaller and 2. Capacity per vine is reduced due to slight competition of water and nutrients, intensified in the terrace riser under dry conditions

calidad de cultivo

disminuyó
incrementó
Comentarios/ especifique:

Reduced quality of wine occurs when strong competition of water and nutrients happen and nothing is done against it.

riesgo de fracaso de producción

incrementó
disminuyó
Comentarios/ especifique:

Higher susceptibility to fungal decay due to higher evapotranspiration rate with green cover and therefore humid microclimatic conditions. Other problems are competition over water and nutrients or danger of frost - negligible - only in depressions or plains (due to higher evapotranspiration rate)

Ingreso y costos

ingreso agrario

disminuyó
incrementó
Comentarios/ especifique:

Primarily due to less costs, especially resulting from less erosion damages in the long term (because of green cover). Secondary due to marketing argument "ecological agricultural production", subsidies related to green cover (direct payment which is only

carga de trabajo

incrementó
disminuyó
Comentarios/ especifique:

More and specific knowledge necessary

Otros impactos socioeconómicos

Inputs for mechanisation

increased
decreased
Comentarios/ especifique:

Special machines needed, mechanisation is almost a must to be economically successful in the long term

Impactos socioculturales

situación de salud

empeoró
mejoró
Comentarios/ especifique:

Healthier than without SWC, less application of biocides and more comfortable and healty posture of body.

instituciones comunitarias

se debilitaron
se fortalecieron
Comentarios/ especifique:

Increased exchange of knowledge and contacts in winegrowers society

instituciones nacionales

se debilitaron
se fortalecieron
Comentarios/ especifique:

Research stations gained new knowledge and attention

MST/ conocimiento de la degradación del suelo

disminuyó
mejoró
Comentarios/ especifique:

Among winegrowers, but perhaps also slightly among consumers (through an ecological marketing argument) or walkers (walking through a green vineyard may arise interest in green cover).

mitigación de conflicto

empeoró
mejoró
Comentarios/ especifique:

Between generations or between farmers applying green cover and others. Reason: farmers are differently attached to traditional values and norms (i.e.: traditionally every plant was seen as unuseful weed and fought with a hoe).

Personal satisfaction / challenge

decreased
increased
Comentarios/ especifique:

Many farmers apply green cover see green cover as a personal satisfaction or challenge for an ecologically and economically sustainable viticulture

Acceptance by society

Low
High
Comentarios/ especifique:

Landscape and appearance of Landscape & appearance of vineyard as cultural heritage. Different values an norms of "how a vineyard should look like". Traditionally vines were planted very dense with no vegetation cover in between. Contour small bench terraces are quite new to the area (20-30 years)

Impactos ecológicos

Suelo

humedad del suelo

disminuyó
incrementó
Comentarios/ especifique:

Especially through improved water retention capacity (due to improved soil structure)

cubierta del suelo

disminuyó
mejoró

pérdida de suelo

incrementó
disminuyó
Comentarios/ especifique:

Mainly due to green cover (rather than terraces)

compactación de suelo

incrementó
disminuyó
Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

especies invasoras extrañas

incrementó
disminuyó
Comentarios/ especifique:

Undesirable plant and animal species (i.e. mice (can hamper stability of terrace riser and terrace itself))

control de pestes/ enfermedades

disminuyó
incrementó
Comentarios/ especifique:

Through beneficial animals

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

velocidad de viento

incrementó
disminuyó
Otros impactos ecológicos

Biodiversity

decreased
increased
Comentarios/ especifique:

High diversity due to different habitats (extensively managed terrace riser and terrace)

Soil fertility

decreased
increased

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

inundaciones río abajo

incrementó
disminuyó

colmatación río abajo

incrementó
disminuyó

contaminación de aguas subterráneas/ de ríos

incrementó
disminuyó

sedimentos transportados por el viento

incrementó
disminuyó

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?
Ingresos a corto plazo:

muy negativo

Ingresos a largo plazo:

neutral/ balanceado

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?
Ingresos a corto plazo:

ligeramente negativo

Ingresos a largo plazo:

neutral/ balanceado

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, es decir, sin recibir incentivos/ pagos materiales?
  • 90-100%
Comentarios:

10% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

90% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Contour small bench terraces with green cover are seen as good opportunity for viticulture in steep slopes. Adoption is done mainly spontaneous

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