1.2 تفاصيل الاتصال بالأشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات والمؤسسات المشاركة في تقييم وتوثيق التقنية

اسم المشروع الذي سهّل توثيق/تقييم التقنية (إذا كان ذلك على صلة)

Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)

اسم المؤسسة (المؤسسات) التي سهلت توثيق/تقييم التقنية (إذا كان ذلك على صلة)

Terre des Hommes (Terre des Hommes) - سويسرا

1.3 الشروط المتعلقة باستخدام البيانات الموثقة من خلال WOCAT

متى تم تجميع البيانات (ميدانيا)؟:

02/08/2012

يوافق جامع المعلومات والشخص (لاشخاص) الرئيسي لمصدر المعلومات على الشروط المتعلقة باستخدام البيانات الموثقة من خلال WOCAT:

نعم

1.4 إعلان بشأن استدامة التقنية الموصوفة

هل التقنية الموصوفة هنا تمثل مشكلة فيما يتعلق بتدهور الأراضي، بحيث لا يمكن إعلانها تقنية مستدامة لإدارة الأراضي؟:

كلا

1.5 الإشارة إلى الاستبيان (الاستبيانات) حول مناهج الإدارة المستدامة للأراضي

2.1 وصف مختصر للتقنية

تعريف التقنية:

The Keyhole Garden model of homestead vegetable cultivation enhances the resilience of families living in areas with climate-related hazards, such as flooding and drought. Keyhole gardens have been shown to increase vegetable production in all seasons, thereby improving household food autonomy and dietary diversity.

2.2 وصف تفصيلي للتقنية

الوصف:

First initiated in Ugandan communities by Send a Cow UK, the keyhole garden technique is widespread in Africa. In 2011, Terre des hommes (Tdh) and Greendots piloted Keyhole Gardens for the first time in Asia, effectively adapting the design and methodology in Africa to the conditions of flood prone areas of Bangladesh, and eventually India. The garden is a good way to enhance dietary diversity, especially for poor/landless families.

Keyhole gardens consist of a raised circular garden made of clay, shaped like a horseshoe or keyhole, with a maximum diameter of approximately three meters. For flood prone areas in Bangladesh and India, the plinth height depends on the location and is typically the same as the house plinth to resist flooding. A compost basket is built at the center of the garden. Organic matter (kitchen cuttings) and residual water are added on a regular basis through the compost pit. In some countries, bricks or stones are used to make the plinth.

The keyhole garden is a typical Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA) approach that includes integrated composting, water retention, use of local materials, natural pest and disease control techniques, natural soil fertility measures, and proximity to the kitchen for both harvesting and care of the garden. In regions with mild conditions of flooding, tidal surge and drought, the garden increases the duration of gardening period during the year thus reducing the risk of disaster. In the aftermath of cyclone Mahasen, keyhole gardens demonstrated DRR utility: although many were partially damaged, none had to be rebuilt entirely. Where plants did not survive the storm, users were able to sow seeds immediately. On the other hand, the traditional ground-level plots used for pit and heap gardening were completely flooded / waterlogged and unusable.

Benefits of the technology include: compact size, proximity to the household for convenient maintenance and harvesting, composting of kitchen cuttings in the basket; and an ergonomic structure (raised, accessible). The small size is also ideal to facilitate training on vegetable growing, soil fertility and pest & disease management to first-time gardeners and students in schools. Keyhole gardens are highly productive—in Lesotho a typical garden can satisfy vegetable needs for a family of eight persons (FAO, 2008). Combined, these factors are scalable as an appropriate technology for landless and marginal farmers. In Bangladesh, the gardens enabled families to produce vegetables even during the monsoon period. As the keyhole garden normally does not need to be rebuilt every year it is a more efficient technique in the long-term than traditional methods such as pit and heap.

Users say that their garden produce tends to be larger and tastier than conventional gardens or market produce; and many indicated that they were able to meet their own vegetable consumption needs and to sell surplus or gift vegetables. For some women it was difficult to access sufficient amounts of soil, which meant that they needed to walk long distances to build the plinth. (Fortunately many received support from other villagers.) Secondly, during the monsoon, while most of the land is flooded, the keyhole garden remains dry. Consequently, it may provide shelter to certain animals (e.g. rats) and attract higher number of pests. Regardless of these two limitations users agree that the benefits greatly
outweigh any observed limitations.

2.3 صور التقنية

2.4 فيديوهات عن التقنية

2.5 البلد/المنطقة/المواقع التي تم تنفيذ التقنية فيها والتي يغطيها هذا التقييم

2.6 تاريخ التنفيذ

اذكر سنة التنفيذ:

2012

2.7 إدخال التقنية

حدد كيف تم إدخال التقنية:

• من خلال ابتكار مستخدمي الأراضي
• أثناء التجارب/الأبحاث
• من خلال المشاريع/ التدخلات الخارجية

3.1 الغرض الرئيسي ( الأغراض الرئيسية) للتقنية

• تحسين الإنتاج
• الحد من مخاطر الكوارث
• التكيف مع تغير المناخ/الظواهر المتطرفة وآثارها
• التخفيف من تغير المناخ وآثاره

3.2 نوع (أنواع) استخدام الأراضي الحالية حيث يتم تطبيق التقنية

3.3 مزيد من المعلومات حول استخدام الأراضي

إمدادات المياه للأرض التي يتم تنفيذ التقنية عليها:

• مختلط بعلي-مروي

عدد مواسم الزراعة في السنة:

• 3

حدد:

In Bangladesh the gardens produced in all seasons, with most challenges coming in the dry season due to soil salinity in some areas.

3.4 مجموعةالإدارة المستدامة للأراضي التي تنتمي إليها هذه التقنية

• الإدارة المتكاملة لخصوبة التربة
• الإدارة المتكاملة للآفات والأمراض (بما في ذلك الزراعة العضوية)
• حدائق منزلية

3.5 انتشار التقنية

حدد انتشار التقنية:

• يتم تطبيقها في نقاط محددة/ تتركز على مساحة صغيرة

التعليقات:

Applied in homesteads.

3.6 التدابير التقنية في مجال إلادارة المستدامة للأراضي

3.7 الأنواع الرئيسية من تدهور الأراضي التي تناولتها التقنية

3.8 منع أو حد أو عكس تدهور الأراضي

تحديد هدف التقنية فيما يتعلق بتدهور الأراضي:

• منع تدهور الأراضي
• الحد من تدهور الأراضي

التعليقات:

See details in section 2.2

4.1 الرسم الفني للتقنية

4.2 المواصفات الفنية/شروحات الرسم الفني

Gardens should be built in close vicinity to the beneficiary’s house, because gardens that are easily accessible and clearly visible are visited more regularly and maintained better.

The design is highly adaptable to local conditions and availability of free construction materials. The radius of the garden is 150CM and the delineated radius of the circular compost basket (in the center of the garden) is 45cm. The diagrams show (1) the location is near to house as an entry point for maintaining the garden; (2) the plinth is built to the same level of the house and a step is included where the plinth is high; (3) mulching to conserve the moisture; (4) interplanting a diversity of vegetables for both good vegetable health and good family nutrition; (5) using interplanted natural repellent plants as pest control for vegetables; (6) covering the basket during times of high sun intensity or heavy rain; (7) using liquid manures and plant teas as top dressing fertilisers.

Establishing what is the best height for your plinth very much depends on the local climatological conditions. In Bangladesh, the plinth is built from subsurface clayey soil, typically 2-3 feet in height - dependent on the location and level of seasonal flooding. The house plinth is a good gauge for how high to build the garden plinth. If the plinth is built too high, the roots of the plant will not be able to access sufficient water; and if built too low the next flood during the monsoon season may destroy the garden. Depending on dryness or soil/groundwater salinity, daily maintenance usually includes irrigating the soil. The outer rim of the plinth is protected with mud (and plastic or cloth) or stones. On top of the plinth is a mixture of soil and compost/manure (ratio 2:1) sloped up to the basket at a 30 - 40 degree angle. The central compost basket is filled with layers of fresh and dried vegetable matter, manure and ash to ensure that the soil fertility of the garden.

Women devised a number of different solutions to protecting the wall of the plinth and garden: Plastic bags, a combination of rice sacks (around the plinth edge) and plastic entrance way because of wear and tear (rice sacks erode faster), palm matting and old cloth. Some women put extra manure in the plinth walls to protect against flooding.

Sam Rich (www.fourthway.co.uk) has produced other technical drawings in addition to "How to Make Liquid Manure" such as: "How to make a Natural Pesticide" and "How to Make Plant Tea". There is also a version of the "How to Make a Keyhole Garden" in English from the experience in Africa.

4.3 معلومات عامة بخصوص حساب المدخلات والتكاليف

حدد كيفية احتساب التكاليف والمدخلات:

• لكل وحدة تقنية

حدد العملة المستخدمة لحساب التكاليف:

• دولار أمريكي

4.4 أنشطة التأسيس

	النشاط	نوع التدبير	التوقيت
1.	Clear land; mark out basket and external boundary using rope and stick pivoted from the centre)	بنيوية أو هيكلية	Anytime
2.	Build plinth (highest monsoon flood level+30cm);	بنيوية أو هيكلية	Anytime
3.	Construct basket at the centre from local materials. Fill basket with composting materials;	بنيوية أو هيكلية	Anytime
4.	Bring soil and heap it around the central basket. Any available animal dung can also be added into the soil mix for greater initial productivity.	بنيوية أو هيكلية	Anytime
5.	Plant vegetable seeds around the garden - a mix for good family nutrition and to stop the spread of pests and diseases;	زراعية	According to the seasonal varieties
6.	Mulch between plants to protect the soil.	زراعية	Anytime
7.	Protect the walls with rice sacks or other waterproof protection if neccessary.	بنيوية أو هيكلية	Anytime

4.5 التكاليف والمدخلات اللازمة للتأسيس

	تحديد المدخلات	الوحدة	الكمية	التكاليف لكل وحدة	إجمالي التكاليف لكل مدخل	% من التكاليف التي يتحملها مستخدمو الأراضي
العمالة	Building the garden	person-days	3,0	2,5	7,5	100,0
مواد البناء	clay					20,0
إجمالي تكاليف إنشاء التقنية					7,5

التعليقات:

Firstly, building the garden requires an initial investment in terms of labour and (locally available) inputs, such as soil and wood and clayey soil for the plinth (stones and bricks are frequently used for the plinth in Africa). These inputs are available on the homestead or in the community and generally free of cost. In rare cases families paid to have soil carted to their homestead, thus increasing the initial structural costs.

4.6 الصيانة/الأنشطة المتكررة

	النشاط	نوع التدبير	التوقيت/الوتيرة
1.	Weeding, harvesting, watering	إدارية	Daily
2.	Structural maintenance on the garden	بنيوية أو هيكلية	Annual

4.7 التكاليف والمدخلات اللازمة للصيانة/للأنشطة المتكررة (سنويًا)

	تحديد المدخلات	الوحدة	الكمية	التكاليف لكل وحدة	إجمالي التكاليف لكل مدخل	% من التكاليف التي يتحملها مستخدمو الأراضي
العمالة	Maintenance	person-days	11,0	2,5	27,5	100,0
العمالة	Structural maintenance on the garden	person-days	1,0	2,5	2,5	100,0
مواد البناء	Earth Clay -depends on height: ex .4m plinth)	cubic meter	11,0
مواد البناء	Manure (quantity depends on design)	cubic meter	2,0
مواد البناء	Basket (sticks/bamboo with thin sticks to weave the basket	Sticks	15,0
مواد البناء	Protective material, rice bags/stones/plastic	Square meter	18,0
إجمالي تكاليف صيانة التقنية					30,0

التعليقات:

In Bangladesh, women referred to the time spent working on the keyhole garden as “leisure time” and that they do this work after they have completed their domestic chores. Women estimated 45 minutes daily of such activity to maintain the garden. Calling it "leisure time" is misleading, but it suggests that most women generally enjoy working in the garden and do not regard it as heavy labour. The daily wage of an agricultural labourer differs per region. In Tdh's project area, wages are relatively low, especially for women. While male labourers may earn 200 BDT ($2.50) per day, women usually earn only 90 to 150 BDT. For the calculation, we applied the principle of equal pay for equal work, taking 200BDT per day.

4.8 أهم العوامل المؤثرة على التكاليف

قدم وصفا لأهم العوامل التي تؤثر على التكاليف:

Over the last few years, people in disaster-affecteed areas of Bangladesh have become familiar to receiving during humanitarian distributions; and expect “hand-outs” if they were to participate in a development project. The Keyhole garden project, however, follows the LEISA approach and does not rely on giving free inputs to the participants. (In a few cases where the local population was lacking seeds and experience in seed production, women's groups were given seeds and training.) A lack of reliance on external inputs or subsidies contributes to the sustainability of the project. The inputs (clay, manure, sticks, rocks, etc.) are locally available and usually do not require additional expenses. This may not be the case in all contexts.

5.1 المناخ

5.2 طوبوغرافيا

وضح ما إذا كانت التقنية مطبقة على وجه التحديد في:

• غير ذات صلة

5.3 التربة

5.4 توافر المياه ونوعيتها

هل تعتبر ملوحة الماء مشكلة؟:

نعم

حدد:

In project sites along the Bay of Bengal

هل تحدث فيضانات في المنطقة؟:

نعم

الإنتظام:

مرارًا

5.5 التنوع البيولوجي

5.6 خصائص مستخدمي الأراضي الذين يطبقون التقنية

اذكر الخصائص الأخرى ذات الصلة لمستخدمي الأراضي:

Using a methodology called the problem tree analysis it is understood that the people living in the two working areas regularly experience health-related problems, economic challenges, and agricultural difficulties.

5.7 متوسط مساحة الأرض المملوكة أو المستأجرة من قبل مستخدمي الأراضي الذين يطبقون التقنية

5.8 ملكية الأراضي، وحقوق استخدام الأراضي، وحقوق استخدام المياه

ملكية الارض:

• فردية، لا يوجد سند ملكية

حقوق استخدام الأراضي:

• فردي

حقوق استخدام المياه:

• وصول مفتوح (غير منظم)

5.9 الوصول إلى الخدمات والبنية التحتية

6.1 الآثار التي أظهرتها التقنية في الموقع

الآثار الاجتماعية والاقتصادية

الإنتاج

الآثار الاجتماعية والثقافية

الآثار الايكولوجية

التربة

الحد من مخاطر المناخ والكوارث

الآثار الايكولوجية الأخرى

6.2 الآثار التي أظهرتها التقنية خارج الموقع

6.3 تعرض التقنية وحساسيتها لتغير المناخ التدريجي والظواهر المتطرفة/الكوارث المرتبطة بالمناخ (كما يراها مستخدمو الأراضي)

الظواهر المتطرفة / الكوارث المرتبطة بالمناخ

الكوارث الجوية

	كيف تتعامل التقنية مع ذلك؟
عاصفة إستوائية	باعتدال
عاصفة رعدية محلية	جيدا

الكوارث الهيدرولوجية

	كيف تتعامل التقنية مع ذلك؟
فيضان عام (نهر)	جيدة جدا
هبوب العواصف / الفيضانات الساحلية	جيدا

العواقب الأخرى المتعلقة بالمناخ

العواقب الأخرى المتعلقة بالمناخ

	كيف تتعامل التقنية مع ذلك؟
انخفاض فترة النمو	جيدة جدا

6.4 تحليل التكلفة والعائد

كيف يمكن مقارنة العوائد نسبة لتكاليف الإنشاء (من وجهة نظر مستخدمي الأراضي)؟

كيف تتم مقارنة العوائدمع كلفة الصيانة/التكاليف المتكررة (من وجهة نظر مستخدمي الأراضي)؟

التعليقات:

No long term study available.
In most cases no (or very low) investment cost in materials and a low investment cost in labor was necessary. Thus the establishment and maintenance costs are relatively low compared to the benefit of increased homestead vegetable production and access to produce for increasing dietary diversity. The benefit increases when the technology supports resilience to flooding as was the case from flooding (Kurigram), and partially from a cyclone (Patharghata).

6.5 اعتماد التقنية

• أكثر من 50%

إذا كان متاحًا، قم بتحديد الكمية (عدد الأسر المعيشية و/أو المساحةالمغطاة):

333 from the pilot study. Subsequent projects by Tdh from 2013-2015 have seen over 3'500 keyhole gardens created in Bangladesh and India.

من بين جميع الذين تبنوا التقنية، كم عدد الذين فعلوا ذلك بشكل تلقائي، أي دون تلقي أي حوافز مادية/مدفوعات؟:

• 100-90‏%

التعليقات:

All of the adopters did so with training but without inputs. Spontaneous adoption of the Keyhole Garden without training is not easy to measure, but Tdh's experience shows a conservative average of 11% (38 of 333 gardens).

6.6 التكيف

هل تم تعديل التقنية مؤخرًا لتتكيف مع الظروف المتغيرة؟:

نعم

إذا كانت الإجابة بنعم، وضح الظروف المتغيرة التي تم تكييفها معها:

• تغير المناخ / التطرف

حدد تكيف التقنية(التصميم، المواد/الأنواع، الخ.):

The technology was adapted from semi-arid zones in Africa (where soil amelioration and water conservation were priorities and materials such as stones and brick are available) to areas of South Asia prone to flood and tidal surge.

6.7 نقاط القوة / المزايا / الفرص التي توفرها التقنية

نقاط القوة/ المزايا/ الفرص من وجهة نظر مستخدمي الأراضي

Seasonal local agriculturalists reported that gardens yielded high productivity with good vegetable quality and diversity; withstood heavy monsoon rains lasting for several days; and withstood a salt water tidal intrusion that destroyed adjacent traditional gardens. During the FGDs women clearly expressed a lot of enthusiasm for the project and all the participants indicated that they would continue with their garden, even if Tdh would no longer provide any support. One volunteer reported successfully harvesting five common vegetables usually impossible to grow in monsoon conditions: - In plain land we can cultivate once in a year but in keyhole garden we can harvest vegetables in three seasons and they don't go underwater in the rainy season - Save money for the family: don't need to buy fertilizers or vegetables and some people earn money by selling the garden product - We can collect vegetables for the children’s requirements directly from the garden when they need them - In a small space you can have lots of different vegetables and the taste is much better because the garden depends on compost – no chemicals - The cost to make is it very low, but you need labour; by our own labour we can build it - Because of composting the garden can always get nutrients

نقاط القوة/ المزايا/ الفرص من وجهة نظر جامع المعلومات أو غيره من الاشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات

The keyhole garden project has been very successful and has largely achieved its core objective to improve year-round access to nutritious food from the homestead area. These benefits are summarized again as: - Appropriate size for landless homesteads, also ideal to facilitate training on LEISA techniques to first-time gardeners and students in schools. - Proximity to the household for convenient maintenance and harvesting, composting of kitchen cuttings in the basket; - Ergonomic structure (raised, accessible). - Highly adaptable to local conditions that supports resilience to flood and drought conditions. - Highly productive—families produced vegetables even during the monsoon period. - As the keyhole garden normally does not need to be rebuilt every year it is a more efficient technique in the long-term than traditional methods such as pit and heap. Therefore, the reviewer did not suggest any major changes to the technique or project; rather to focus on specific issues that could help making the project more efficient and that could help broaden its impact.

6.8 نقاط ضعف / مساوىء / مخاطر التقنية وسبل التغلب عليها

نقاط الضعف/ المساوىء/ المخاطر من وجهة نظر مستخدم الأراضي	كيف يمكن التغلب عليها؟
No major weaknesses in the technology or design were expressed. However for some women it was difficult to access sufficient amounts of soil, which meant that they needed to walk long distances to bring soil to build the plinth. In coastal areas where saline intrusion in groundwater and soils is on the rise, growing and irrigating crops is difficult in the dry season.	Some women received support from other family members or neighbours; identify a support network for families having challenges to access soil to build the plinths. Continue to look for for alternative irrigation sources and/or groundwater recharge innovations as well as soil conservation techniques to protect against salinity. Likewise, saline resistant vegetable varieties may be available.

نقاط الضعف/ المساوىء/ المخاطر من وجهة نظر جامع المعلومات أو غيره من الاشخاص الرئيسيين لمصدر المعلومات

كيف يمكن التغلب عليها؟

More careful planning of the location for the keyhole garden is needed. In Patharghata 11 women decided to relocate their garden within the first year. This suggests that the women appreciate the benefits of the garden, but having to break down and move the garden is a rather laborious activity. Not surprisingly, women who have less time to work in the homestead area, e.g. due to work or other out-of-home responsibilities, are not able to maintain their keyhole garden so well.

Spend more time to assist the participants with identifying the most suitable locations to construct the garden for a keyhole garden in the homestead area at the start of the project. While maintaining a focus on women, involve the husband or other family members/ neighbours and ensure that they are also trained and ensure that the garden is clearly visible and can be accessed.

7.1 طرق جمع/مصادر المعلومات

7.2 المراجع للمنشورات المتاحة

العنوان، المؤلف، السنة، النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب ISBN:

"Keyhole Gardens: Improved Access to Homestead Vegetables and Dietary Diversification- External Evaluation and Capitalization of the Keyhole Garden Project in Bangladesh", Van Hout, R., 2013

متاح من أين؟كم التكلفة؟:

Freely available: Terre des hommes Lausanne Asia Desk: info@tdh.ch

العنوان، المؤلف، السنة، النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب ISBN:

“Keyhole Gardens – great potential for improving homestead crop diversity and mother & child nutrition”, Taylor S, 2013, Discussion paper for the Agrobiodiversity Conference, Dhaka, 28 January 2013

متاح من أين؟كم التكلفة؟:

Freely available: Terre des hommes Lausanne Asia Desk: info@tdh.ch

العنوان، المؤلف، السنة، النظام القياسي الدولي لترقيم الكتب ISBN:

"Keyhole Gardens in Lesotho", FAO Nutrition and Consumer Protection Divis"ion (AGN), 2008 (with Send a Cow UK)

متاح من أين؟كم التكلفة؟:

http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/nutrition/docs/FSNL%20Fact%20sheet_Keyhole%20gardens.pdf

7.3 روابط للمعلومات ذات الصلة المتوفرة على الإنترنت

العنوان/الوصف:

Greendots - Terre des hommes technical partner for Keyhole Gardens in South Asia

عنوان الرابط URL:

www.greendots.ch

العنوان/الوصف:

Send a Cow UK: How to make an African style raised bed (YouTube, ex. Uganda)

عنوان الرابط URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykCXfjzfaco

العنوان/الوصف:

Send a Cow UK - Keyhole Garden resources (Learning from Africa: How to make a Keyhole Garden)

عنوان الرابط URL:

http://www.sendacow.org.uk/lessonsfromafrica/resources/keyhole-gardens

العنوان/الوصف:

Fourthway's posters online: Smallholder organic agriculture (Uganda, including Keyhole gardens)

عنوان الرابط URL:

http://www.fourthway.co.uk/posters/

العنوان/الوصف:

Fourthway's posters online: Smallholder organic agriculture (Bangladesh, including Keyhole gardens)

عنوان الرابط URL:

http://www.fourthway.co.uk/bangladesh/index.html

العنوان/الوصف:

Terre des hommes: First Keyhole Garden in Asia (to resist storm surge/floods in Bangladesh)

عنوان الرابط URL:

https://vimeo.com/44043929