Participatory catchment rehabilitation (Participación comunitaria para la rehabilitación de cuencas) [Peru]
- Creation:
- Update:
- Compiler: Philippe Zahner
- Editor: –
- Reviewers: Fabian Ottiger, Deborah Niggli
approaches_2347 - Peru
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Expand all Collapse all1. General information
1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Approach
SLM specialist:
Marquina Rodolfo
descolca@terra.com.pe
Centro de Estudios y Promocion del Desarrollo - DESCO
Calle Malaga Grenet No. 678 Umacollo, Arequipa
Peru
SLM specialist:
Marcacuzco Aquilino P Mejia
Centro de Estudios y Promocion del Desarrollo - DESCO
Calle Malaga Grenet No. 678 Umacollo, Arequipa
Peru
Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Approach (if relevant)
Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Approach (if relevant)
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (DEZA / COSUDE / DDC / SDC) - SwitzerlandName of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Approach (if relevant)
Centro de Estudios y Promoción del Desarrollo (DESCO) - Peru1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT
The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:
Yes
1.4 Reference(s) to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Technologies
![Callejones de piñón con forrajes intercalados](/media/81/4/814623f5-c0bd-444b-9ab6-efb2d9822140.jpg)
Callejones de piñón con forrajes intercalados [Mexico]
La tecnología consiste en un sistema agrosilvopastoril con árboles de Pinus cembroides (pino piñonero) alineados een bordos ─en un terreno con suelos calizos previamente subsoleado─ conformando melgas (callejones) para con cultivos anuales para grano y forraje, con pastoreo libre eventual por períodos muy breves.
- Compiler: BENJAMIN SANCHEZ BERNAL
![Rehabilitation of ancient terraces](/media/3e/0/3e0abd16-be37-4ce1-ad4b-7f85f15ccf7e.jpg)
Rehabilitation of ancient terraces [Peru]
Repair of ancient stone wall bench terraces, and of an associated irrigation and drainage system.
- Compiler: Unknown User
2. Description of the SLM Approach
2.1 Short description of the Approach
Promoting the rehabilitation of ancient terrace systems based on a systematic watershed management approach.
2.2 Detailed description of the Approach
Detailed description of the Approach:
Aims / objectives: The Center for Studies and Promotion of Development - DESCO, a Peruvian NGO, started the Terrace Rehabilitation Project in 1993 to re-establish ancient terracing and irrigation practices that had largely been lost. The project is part of a general integrated development programme. Its overall purpose is to restore the productive capacity of terraced cropland, and to generate better living standards in the Colca valley. The project has the following specific objectives: (1) to increase the productive infrastructure through soil conservation and better use and management of existing water resources; (2) to increase levels of production; (3) to stimulate people in soil conservation and land management; and (4) to encourage/promote relevant local institutions. For implementation, a systematic watershed management approach was introduced. The catchment was considered the basic unit for development planning. Physical and socio-economic baseline studies were carried out. A strong community-based organisation, the catchment committee, was then founded. This consisted of representatives of major local grassroots organisations (irrigation committee, farmers' community, mothers' club etc). Responsibilities, commitments and rules were defined. Committee meetings and land user assemblies were the entities for planning, organisation and execution of project activities. DESCO initiated a process of 'concerted planning' in collaboration with other private and public institutions in Caylloma province.
Methods: In summary the project stages comprised: (1) project planning; (2) baseline studies; (3) catchment management plan; (4) constitution of the executive committee; (5) concerted planning of district development; and (6) organisation, execution, technical assistance and follow-up activities. Land users were required to participate in training courses and in fieldwork, to provide local materials and their own tools, and to fulfil duties within the organisations. Leaders and directors of grassroots organisations were responsible for planning and organisation of activities - implementation, training and follow-up - and for control and administration of project materials and inputs. The directors were also elected as representatives in the District Development Councils to participate in the evaluation and monitoring activities of the project.
2.3 Photos of the Approach
2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Approach has been applied
Country:
Peru
Region/ State/ Province:
Rio Colca
Further specification of location:
Arequipa, Peru
Map
×2.6 Dates of initiation and termination of the Approach
Indicate year of initiation:
1993
2.7 Type of Approach
- project/ programme based
2.8 Main aims/ objectives of the Approach
- to achieve higher levels of agricultural production and productivity through integrated development/management of soil and water resources. - to build capacity for planning, organisation and implementation of development activities
The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: - lack of employment opportunities/depopulation of rural areas. - lack of planning and action in 'concerted development' - little value associated with terrace rehabilitation. - low and unequal participation of women in field work. - general impoverishment of land users
2.9 Conditions enabling or hindering implementation of the Technology/ Technologies applied under the Approach
social/ cultural/ religious norms and values
- hindering
Women were treated unequally in terms of opportunities and salaries
Treatment through the SLM Approach: Equal treatment in salaries and better opportunities were ensured for women.
availability/ access to financial resources and services
- hindering
The poorest land users lacked the money to invest in terrace rehabilitation.
Treatment through the SLM Approach: Manual labour and tools were subsidised.
institutional setting
- hindering
Coordination of planning and activities was lacking between different institutions and projects.
Treatment through the SLM Approach: District Development Councils (CODDIS) were strengthened as entities for coordination and concerted action.
legal framework (land tenure, land and water use rights)
- hindering
There was a lack of legal (registered) institutions to coordinate planning and strategies for sustainable land use at community level.
Treatment through the SLM Approach: An active effort was made to promote legalisation of, and give support to, grassroots organisations (eg Union of Land Users).
knowledge about SLM, access to technical support
- hindering
Local specialists in terrace rehabilitation and for construction supervision were lacking.
Treatment through the SLM Approach: Training and competitions were organised to develop skills and select the best.
other
- hindering
Economical: Investment in cash crops was a problem for poor smallholders.
Treatment through the SLM Approach: Training/technical assistance was given for more profitable crops e.g potatoes, beans and peas.
3. Participation and roles of stakeholders involved
3.1 Stakeholders involved in the Approach and their roles
- local land users/ local communities
There were no differences in terms of salaries, but there were in terms of job opportunities: in a working group of 20 persons, typically only 5 women were contracted as terrace rehabilitation is very heavy work.
- SLM specialists/ agricultural advisers
- teachers/ school children/ students
- national government (planners, decision-makers)
3.2 Involvement of local land users/ local communities in the different phases of the Approach
Involvement of local land users/ local communities | Specify who was involved and describe activities | |
---|---|---|
initiation/ motivation | interactive | interviews/questionnaires, workshops/seminars, public meetings |
planning | self-mobilization | workshops/seminars; assemblies for decision making, workshops for local concerted planning |
implementation | interactive | casual labour, responsibility for minor steps; casual labour, responsibility for minor steps (land users in general); responsibility for major steps (leaders) |
monitoring/ evaluation | interactive | workshop/seminars, reporting, measurements/observations, interviews/questionnaires, public meetings; workshops, measurements/observations (directors of baseline organisations/leaders), reports (directors), interviews (directors/teachers), public meetings (land users) |
Research | none | none |
3.3 Flow chart (if available)
Description:
District Development Council (CODDIS): social organisations, public and private institutions jointly prepare economic and social development plans in a participatory manner, and under the leadership o
3.4 Decision-making on the selection of SLM Technology/ Technologies
Specify who decided on the selection of the Technology/ Technologies to be implemented:
- mainly SLM specialists, following consultation with land users
Explain:
the terraces were in an advanced stage of collapse and the local population did not have the means to reverse the process due to lack of economic resources.
Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by mainly by land users supported by SLM specialists. the technology is indigenous and adapted to the area. Evaluation workshops of, and activities permitting discussions on, the technology were carried out.
4. Technical support, capacity building, and knowledge management
4.1 Capacity building/ training
Was training provided to land users/ other stakeholders?
Yes
Form of training:
- public meetings
Form of training:
- exchange of experiences
Subjects covered:
A training plan at three levels was drawn up, addressing the following target groups and topics: (1) Selected land users, leaders, supervisors: in-depth training on the interrelations between water, soil and plants; terrace and canal construction; institution/enterprise management; natural resource management, conservation practices, and crop production. (2) Directors of grassroots organisations
4.2 Advisory service
Do land users have access to an advisory service?
Yes
Describe/ comments:
Key elements: technical assistance and sustained follow-up, supervision by specialised engineers, evaluation (reflection) and systematisation of gained know-how and developed practices with different stakeholders, function; testing of rehabilitated structures; Capacity for extension continuation has been built up within the catchment committee. However PRONAMACHS, a governmental SWC programme, is limited
4.3 Institution strengthening (organizational development)
Have institutions been established or strengthened through the Approach?
- yes, greatly
Specify the level(s) at which institutions have been strengthened or established:
- local
Specify type of support:
- financial
- capacity building/ training
4.4 Monitoring and evaluation
Is monitoring and evaluation part of the Approach?
Yes
Comments:
technical aspects were regular monitored by 0 through measurements; indicators: improved structures, results of technology tests
socio-cultural aspects were ad hoc monitored by 0 through observations; indicators: land users changing attitudes of SWC
economic / production aspects were ad hoc monitored by 0 through measurements; indicators: crop production increase
area treated aspects were regular monitored by 0 through measurements; indicators: rehabilitated area
no. of land users involved aspects were regular monitored by 0 through measurements; indicators: number of households that benefited directly
management of Approach aspects were ad hoc monitored by 0 through observations; indicators: number of catchments rehabilitated with terraces and agroforestry
There were several changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: There were various changes/readjustments of the approach: eg the concerted planning through the Local Development Councils was incorporated 5 years after the initiation of the project.
4.5 Research
Was research part of the Approach?
Yes
Specify topics:
- economics / marketing
- technology
Give further details and indicate who did the research:
Technology: research has been ongoing regarding functioning of the terrace and irrigation systems. Economy/commercialisation: research regarding agronomic production, catchment appraisals and market studies have been carried out for the main products of the area.
5. Financing and external material support
5.1 Annual budget for the SLM component of the Approach
Comments (e.g. main sources of funding/ major donors):
Approach costs were met by the following donors: international non-government (International NGO): 60.0%; government (national): 20.0%; local community / land user(s) (-): 20.0%
5.2 Financial/ material support provided to land users
Did land users receive financial/ material support for implementing the Technology/ Technologies?
Yes
5.3 Subsidies for specific inputs (including labour)
- equipment
Specify which inputs were subsidised | To which extent | Specify subsidies |
---|---|---|
machinery | partly financed | A-frames, tape measures, motor drills, wheelbarrows, shovels, picks, steel bars, sledgehammers,hoes, and compressors |
tools | partly financed | |
- agricultural
Specify which inputs were subsidised | To which extent | Specify subsidies |
---|---|---|
seeds | fully financed | Seedlings of tree species for establishment of the agroforestry component on terraces were produced in a project-owned nursery, and they were given free of charge to interested farmers |
If labour by land users was a substantial input, was it:
- paid in cash
Comments:
60% of the labour costs were met by the project.
5.4 Credit
Was credit provided under the Approach for SLM activities?
Yes
Specify conditions (interest rate, payback, etc.):
repayment conditions: Credit was provided by FONDESURCO to land users who participated in the rehabilitation project (for seed supply) with a lower interest rate than on the market. FONDESURCO is an NGO (of which DESCO is a member) specialised in microfinances in the rural sector..
5.5 Other incentives or instruments
Were other incentives or instruments used to promote implementation of SLM Technologies?
Yes
If yes, specify:
Support was provided to existing institutions (in the form of training, organisation and financial inputs). But with the formation of a catchment committee, an important grassroots organisation was built up.
6. Impact analysis and concluding statements
6.1 Impacts of the Approach
Did the Approach help land users to implement and maintain SLM Technologies?
- No
- Yes, little
- Yes, moderately
- Yes, greatly
There have been great improvements: introduction of high-value crops; 100% of the area cultivable; reduction of irrigation frequency by 20% due to higher efficiency of water storage by the terraces; various other SWC benefits.
Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?
- No
- Yes, little
- Yes, moderately
- Yes, greatly
A few other projects have adopted the approach: eg the project of the Banco de Vivienda PRATVIR in the Coporaque area; also 'Popular Cooperation' in Ichupampa (covering just 2 ha).
6.3 Sustainability of Approach activities
Can the land users sustain what has been implemented through the Approach (without external support)?
- yes
If yes, describe how:
Land users can continue the activities without external support, using traditional systems of mutual help and new forms of local organisation (catchment committee). With increased income through integration of cash crops the maintenance of the structures can be sustained.
6.4 Strengths/ advantages of the Approach
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view |
---|
Complementary conservation practices have been integrated into the terraces system: agroforestry, improved fallow, etc (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Training of land users in the advantages and disadvantages of these practices.) |
nstitutional capacity building: strengthening of organisations; increased participation (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Continue the training of leaders.) |
SWC training and extension activities. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Create spaces and mechanisms for daily practice of important cultural rituals/customs.) |
80% of land users have changed attitudes towards SWC, and are convinced of the benefits of terrace rehabilitation (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: SWC training and extension activities.) |
Human capacity building: 60 specialists trained in rehabilitation technology (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Create opportunities to ensure continuation of their work.) |
An effective systematic watershed management approach applied at catchment level (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Other projects/institutions should apply this approach.) |
Soil conservation activities integrated in the plans of 'concerted development' (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Strengthening of the Local Development Councils (CODDIS).) |
6.5 Weaknesses/ disadvantages of the Approach and ways of overcoming them
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view | How can they be overcome? |
---|---|
Labour overload in the family | Better planning of work at the household level. |
The approach requires the participation of all social and political stakeholders - which is practically impossible | Strengthen the Local Development Councils (CODDIS). |
The generation of income encourages the purchase of industrialised products | More training regarding consumption of local products. |
The economic incentives provided by the project affected the existing reciprocal relationships (eg labour exchange) | Cash for work incentives are sometimes useful to overcome labour constraints due to depopulation. |
Small holdings and land fragmentation are constraints for cost-effective agriculture | Accelerate the process of land consolidation and entitlement. |
Changes in leadership interrupt planned processes (of activities) | Permanent training to encourage leadership qualities. |
Lack of a crop and irrigation plan for better water management | Elaboration and application of a plan. |
7. References and links
7.1 Methods/ sources of information
- field visits, field surveys
- interviews with land users
Links and modules
Expand all Collapse allLinks
![Callejones de piñón con forrajes intercalados](/media/81/4/814623f5-c0bd-444b-9ab6-efb2d9822140.jpg)
Callejones de piñón con forrajes intercalados [Mexico]
La tecnología consiste en un sistema agrosilvopastoril con árboles de Pinus cembroides (pino piñonero) alineados een bordos ─en un terreno con suelos calizos previamente subsoleado─ conformando melgas (callejones) para con cultivos anuales para grano y forraje, con pastoreo libre eventual por períodos muy breves.
- Compiler: BENJAMIN SANCHEZ BERNAL
![Rehabilitation of ancient terraces](/media/3e/0/3e0abd16-be37-4ce1-ad4b-7f85f15ccf7e.jpg)
Rehabilitation of ancient terraces [Peru]
Repair of ancient stone wall bench terraces, and of an associated irrigation and drainage system.
- Compiler: Unknown User
Modules
No modules