1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

12/03/2004

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Holistic demonstration includes integrated cultivation of Agri-Horti-Silvi technologies. Along with the Soil & water Conservation structures suitable to the site.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Holistic demonstration was taken in the upper reach, middle reach and lower reach (2 hectares each) in a village in the watershed. The demonstration units includes soil & water consercvation structures also. Crop demonstration with integrated pest management, seed treatment, pitcher irrigation practices, varietal trails were implemented to increase the overall per capita income of the farmer. However, the suitable SWC was according to the site of lower reach/ upper reach or middle reach. The plot was accommodated with suitable field crops, horticultural species either on the bunds or in the fiels itself and some fodder crops, some forestry species etc.

Purpose of the Technology: The demonstration units now serve as the units of awareness brining in understanding the holistic approach and also to encourage the other farmers to replicate the same in their fields.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: (1) site selection with concerned farmer, (2) design and preparation of estimates by the project staff, (3) discussion with the VWDC and community, (4) discussion regarding contribution with the farmer (5) layout and construction by the project staff with the contribution from the concerned farmers.

Natural / human environment: This technology was taken up in the semi arid condition and in the erratic rainfall conditin.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• more than 50 years ago (traditional)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

Mainly from the SWC specialist

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production
• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Crop land : Low yields due to erosion, less soil moisture, shallow to medium soils. Poor and erratic rainfall, water holding capacity is less.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Crop land - Uncertain rainfall, more soil loss and poor yields.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: the village cattle are let free for grazing on the common land for some time in the day and they go back and then I is again stall feeding.

Plantation forestry: Yes

Other type of forest: others (scattered)

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: During kharif (monsoon) season the main crop is redgram (Tur), in addition few cereals were taken, followed by jowar in the major rabi (post-monsoon) crop. No cultivation was o\bserved in summer, farmer are now cultivating vegetable and fruit crop,

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Comments:

Water supply: Also mixed rainfed - irrigated and post-flooding (both ranked 2)

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 2

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 120 Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Oct Second longest growing period in days: 120 Second longest growing period from month to month: Nov - Feb

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• minimal soil disturbance
• integrated pest and disease management (incl. organic agriculture)
• irrigation management (incl. water supply, drainage)

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:

• evenly spread over an area

If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:

• < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)

Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.12 km2.

The technology area comprises of 2 ha area each in upper reach, middle reach and lower reach in a village of the watershed. In this area cultivation of agri-horti-silvi practices, agronomic trials, in-situ conservation etc were taken with active involvement of the the farmers.

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Main causes of degradation: other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify, poverty / wealth (lack of captial)

Secondary causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (other (migration)), labour availability (lack of labour, cost of labour), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of knowledge)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• reduce land degradation
• restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

Comments:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Lower Reach holistic demonstration plot showing various soil & moisture conservation structures, field crops and bund stabilization by vegetation.

Location: Bennur-B nala watershed Chitapur taluk. Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga District (Karnataka state

Date: 20.4.2004

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, water harvesting / increase water supply, increase in soil fertility

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, improvement of ground cover, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: saplings
Quantity/ density: 100
Remarks: layout

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: sapplings
Quantity/ density: 360
Remarks: layout

Legume inter-planting
Quantity/ density: 200
Remarks: layout

Agronomic measure: others (vermicompost)
Material/ species: material

Minimum tillage
Remarks: material

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 100
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 500

Trees/ shrubs species: Neem, Glyricdia, Pongamia, Bamboo

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Mango. Tamarind, Lime, Sapota, Clustard apple

Grass species: Napiar

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 3.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 2.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 1.00%

Dam/ pan/ pond
Vertical interval between structures (m): 4
Spacing between structures (m): 50
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 12
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 12
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 12
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 12

Bund/ bank: semi-circular/V shaped trapezoidal
Vertical interval between structures (m): 4
Spacing between structures (m): 50
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 50
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.9
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 3
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 50

Structural measure: pit, sediment sand / trap
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1
Spacing between structures (m): 30-40
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 6
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.9
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 3
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 50

Structural measure: other (brushwood dam)
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1
Spacing between structures (m): 80
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 6
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.9
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 0

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 1%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 2%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 1%

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:10

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use type: Multidimensional participatory holistic farming system, fallow to cultivable land

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

Rupees

Indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (if relevant): 1 USD =:

46.0

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	Digging of pits	Vegetative	Sumer
2.	Procurement of seed/ seedlings	Vegetative	Before rainy season
3.	Sowing of grass, shrub seeds	Vegetative	After first shower
4.	Planting of sappling	Vegetative	After first shower
5.	Survey/ layout	Structural	April
6.	Excavation of ditches	Structural	may
7.	Transportation of stones to the site	Structural	May
8.	Construction of bunds, farm pond	Structural	may
9.	Construction of brushwood dam, doh	Structural	June
10.	Training, capacity building of the farmer	Management	february - March
11.	Establishment of sructural measures	Management	April-June
12.	establishment of vegetative measures	Management	July-September

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	ha	1.0	510.0	510.0	10.0
Plant material	Seeds	ha	1.0	114.0	114.0	3.0
Plant material	Seedlings	ha	1.0	169.0	169.0	74.0
Fertilizers and biocides	fertilizer	ha	1.0	157.0	157.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Biocides	ha	1.0	76.0	76.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Compost/manure	ha	1.0	15.0	15.0	10.0
Construction material	Stone	ha	1.0	110.0	110.0	3.0
Construction material	Wood	ha	1.0	10.0	10.0	3.0
Construction material	Earth	ha	1.0	26.0	26.0	2.0
Other	Pitcher pots	ha	1.0	72.0	72.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					1259.0

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	Mulching	Agronomic	Summer / each cropping season
2.	Across slope ploughing	Agronomic	Summer / each cropping season
3.	In-situ maisture conservation	Agronomic	before sowing /
4.	Watering	Vegetative	summer /once in 10 days
5.	Weeding, mulching	Vegetative	2-3 months after planting /twice in a year
6.	Re-seeding of grass/ shrub	Vegetative	before first shower /up to 2 years
7.	casualty replacement	Vegetative	before first shower /1, 2, and 3rd years
8.	fencing	Vegetative	during sumer period /every summer season of 2nd, 3rd and 4th year
9.	Repair of breaches in bund	Structural	July to september/as required
10.	Desilting of traps	Structural	October-November/annual
11.	Refresher interaction with farmer	Management	/ seasonally
12.	Rgular meetings	Management	/ as and when required

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	ha	1.0	51.0	51.0	100.0
Plant material	Seeds	ha	1.0	11.1	11.1	100.0
Plant material	Seedlings	ha	1.0	16.9	16.9	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Fertilizer	ha	1.0	15.7	15.7
Fertilizers and biocides	Biocides	ha	1.0	7.6	7.6
Construction material	Stone	ha	1.0	11.0	11.0	100.0
Construction material	Wood	ha	1.0	1.0	1.0	100.0
Construction material	Earth	ha	1.0	2.6	2.6	100.0
Other	Pitcher pots	ha	1.0	7.2	7.2	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					124.1

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Non availability of stones, boulders

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Comments and further specifications on topography:

Altitudinal zone: 101-500 m a.s.l. (422.8 m a.s.l.)
Landforms: Plateu/plains (3-4% slope, ranked 1), ridges (ranked 2)
Slopes on average: Gentle (3-4%)

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil depth on average: Moderately deep (60 cm, ranked 1) and deep (ranked 2)
Soil fertility: Medium (eroded soils)
Topsoil organic matter: Low (absence of vegetation)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Poor (high run-off from stony surface)
Soil water storage capacity: Very low

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%
7% of the land users are average wealthy and own 26% of the land.
65% of the land users are poor and own 58% of the land.
28% of the land users are poor and own 16% of the land.
Off-farm income specification: Off season employment

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• individual, titled

Land use rights:

• individual

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

Climate and disaster risk reduction

Other ecological impacts

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

452

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 0-10%

Comments:

60% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

417 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

5% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

35 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Overall returns fro\m the piece of land is increased owing to horticulture and agriculture crops. Biomass increases. This is seen by other farmers and they are motivated to go for its adaption.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Economic sustainability How can they be sustained / enhanced? vegetative and green manure vermicompost etc.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Effective SWC How can they be sustained / enhanced? maibntenance by the individual farmers
water harvesting How can they be sustained / enhanced? Desilting structure
Integrated approach How can they be sustained / enhanced? regular contact
increased production How can they be sustained / enhanced? Integrated cultivation

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Production (benefits) adversly affected due to drought.	Due to longer dry spel in the area (last three years)

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Non-availability of agricultural improved seed material at local level	by linkage of VWDCs with the Agricultural Research Station and Krishi Vignyan Kendra.
conflicts	demands by more number of farmers could not be met by the project at a time.