1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Italy

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Kagera Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management (K-TAMP) - Tanzania, United Republic of

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Missenyi District Council (Missenyi District Council) - Tanzania, United Republic of

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

11/07/2012

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

This is a traditional banana and coffee complex cropping system interplanted with annual crops, trees,shrubs, vegetables and other diverse plants of social economic importance.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Improved traditional multi-cropping system that combines banana and coffee as main crops planted in a specific spacing to optimize plant stands. Banana and coffee are intercropped with; 1. annuals crops: Maize, beans, yams, coco-yams;2. Vegetables: Lycoperscum esculentum, Amaranthus spp, Cucumis communis and Solanum aethopium ;3. Shrubs of social economic value. Trees (e.g Maesopsis eminii, Makhcamia lutea, Ricinus comunis, Ficus thorninghii) and shrubs (Dracaena usambarensis) are planted on the farm edge. These serve as live fence, wind breaker, source of timber, fuel wood, medicine and protect the field against erosion. To optimize farm production, application of 15cm thick mulch ( grass mulch and banana prunnings), farmyard or compost manure and interplanting with soil fertility and/or soil moisture improvement trees are ensured. With problems of climate change, water harvesting ditches and trenches are constructed. Water harvesting ditches are constructed to collect water from micro catchments like roads or homestead. Sustainability of the Improved Kibanja system has always been assured through crop/livestock integration approaches.The cropping system is typical in high rainfall areas along foot slopes, valley bottoms or hilltops preferably on fertile and deep soils.

Purpose of the Technology: The purpose is improve soil fertility,moisture, controlling soil erosion (wind and water) and suppressing weeds in order to improve the production banana, coffee and other inter planted crops.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Establishment activities: 1. Land clearing and preparation: Slashing, uprooting tree stumps, ploughing and pitting 60cm x 90cm banana hole and 60cm x 60cm coffee (Mid June to August) using simple farm implements; 2.Farm Yard Manure application: 60 Kg per banana holes and 36 Kg per coffee hole (August to early September); 2. Planting: 308 banana suckers at 3.6m x 8m spacing, 830 coffee seedlings at 3m x 8m spacing in alternating row, edge row trees seedling at 10m spacing and 15cm spacing for shrubs e.g. Dracaena usambarensis (September to November);4. Excavation of water retention structure ( after planting mainly in Novermber). Full establishment of Improved Kibanja cropping system can be attained in three years.
Maintenance activities:1. Weeding:Done two times per year (mid January to February / July to augost) before planting annual crops; 2.FYM enrichment: Every after 3 years; iii. banana dethrashing and desuckering ,topping mulch, coffee pruning and harvesting (Immediately after weeding); 4. Other maintenence activities: Disease control (nematode, banana weevils, Banana Xanthamonas Wilt) and Propping (using pole to support banana plant with heavy bunches against wind); 5.Inputs: Labour, farmyard manure, propping poles, mulch; 6. Simple farm implements:Hand hoe,machete and wheel barrow.

Natural / human environment: The technology is implemented in mixed land use type under sub humid condition receiving 1000-1500mm of rains per year. A combination of soil and water improvement measures (FYM application, Mulching, water retention ditches and live fencing) complement each other to minimize risk of crop failure and hence improve production. The slope is gentle to moderate , soil depth is moderate and soil texture loam. Simple hand tools are traditional used,Land ownership is individual not titled. Application of this technology determined by high establishment and maintenence cost.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

Improved traditional land use system: The use of combination of measures in Improved Kibanja Cropping system in Kagera has been existing for more than 100 year ago.

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production
• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation

• improve soil fertility

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil nutrient loss, decline of soil moisture and soil erosion by wind and fast water runoff.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Reduced crop production, loss of indigenous medicinal plants, reduced water water quatity in natural water sources.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Due to mixed farming and agroforestry there is high nutrient cycling resulting in high productivity

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 2

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 120; Longest growing period from month to month: Short rains (September to December); Second longest growing period in days: 65; Second longest growing period from month to month: Long rains (March to June)

Livestock density (if relevant):

1-10 LU /km2

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• agroforestry
• windbreak/ shelterbelt
• water harvesting

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:

• evenly spread over an area

If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:

• < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)

Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.062 km2.

2ha approximately

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Secondary measures: management measures

Type of agronomic measures: mixed cropping / intercropping, retaining more vegetation cover, mulching, manure / compost / residues, minimum tillage, pits

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -against wind, aligned: -along boundary, aligned: -linear

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Cultivation along the slope and overcultivation), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Cultivation of season crop without reprenishing of soil nutrients), change of seasonal rainfall (Fractuation in rain season), droughts, population pressure, education, access to knowledge and support services

Secondary causes of degradation: Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts), land tenure, poverty / wealth, inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• reduce land degradation

Comments:

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Location: Kyazi Village. Missenyi District, Kagera Region, Tanzania

Date: 2012.08.28

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (The technology requires moderate technical knowledge for adoption)

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (The technology requires moderate technical knowledge for adoption)

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter

Secondary technical functions: increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of infiltration, water harvesting / increase water supply, reduction in wind speed, increase of biomass (quantity)

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: Banana
Quantity/ density: 304
Remarks: 3.6 m by 8m

Retaining more vegetation cover
Material/ species: Beans
Remarks: Random

Mulching
Material/ species: Grass mulch, banana(Prooning) trashes mulch
Quantity/ density: 10000
Remarks: Spreading the mulch

Material/ species: Coffee
Quantity/ density: 830
Remarks: 3m by 8m

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: Farmyard manure, farm residure,
Quantity/ density: 40 tone
Remarks: Spreading on the pit

Minimum tillage
Material/ species: Hand hoe,matechette

Pits
Material/ species: Hand hoe,matechette

Aligned: -against wind
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 277
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): Random
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): Random
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): Random
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 6

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 100000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.01
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.01

Aligned: -linear
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 100000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.01
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.01

Trees/ shrubs species: Maeesopsis Eminii, Dracaena usambalensis,Erythrina abysinica

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Pawpaw, Orange, Avocado

Perennial crops species: Banana, Coffee, Vanilla

Other species: Carisa edulis (shrubs)

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 6.3%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 6.3%

Diversion ditch/ drainage
Vertical interval between structures (m): 0.4
Spacing between structures (m): 6
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.15
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.15
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 3

Waterway
Vertical interval between structures (m): 0.4
Spacing between structures (m): 6
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.75
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 2
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 5

Retention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap
Vertical interval between structures (m): 0.4
Spacing between structures (m): 6
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.75
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 2
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.4
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 5

Construction material (earth): 2.25 m3 of earth material used per ditch

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 6%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 8%

Specification of dams/ pans/ ponds: Capacity 10m3

Catchment area: 1.6Ham2

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:3.5

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify currency used for cost calculations:

• US Dollars

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	Land clearing and preparation:Slashing,uprooting tree stumps, ploughing and pitting		June to August
2.	Availing and applying 54 tone Farm Yard		August to early September
3.	Planting: 308 banana suckers 830 coffee and tree edge low tree seedlings		From September
4.	Construction of water harvesting ditches	Structural	Once year

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Land clearing	persons/day	202.0	1.18316	239.0	100.0
Labour	Construction of water harvesting ditches	persons/day	4.0	0.937	3.75	100.0
Equipment	Tools	ha	1.0	61.56	61.56	100.0
Plant material	Seedlings	pieces	1138.0	0.0468	53.26	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Manure	tons	54.0	34.7222	1875.0
Other	Cuttings	ha	1.0	2234.6	2234.6	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					4467.17

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	Topping grass mulch	Agronomic	3 times per year
2.	Farm yard manure enrichment	Agronomic	2 times per year
3.	Removal of sediments and debris in water retention ditches.	Agronomic	Every year
4.	To replacement propping Poles	Agronomic	Every 1.5 year
5.	To corve transportation cost	Agronomic	Manure
6.	Replacement of propping pole and live hedges	Vegetative	Every 1.5 year
7.	Removal of sediments and debris in water retention ditches	Structural	Once per year

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Topping grass mulch	persons/day	10.0	4.101	41.01	100.0
Labour	Applying FYM	persons/day	10.0	3.906	39.06	100.0
Labour	Removal of sediments	persons/day	4.0	0.9375	3.75	100.0
Labour	To replacement propping Poles	persons/day/ha	10.0	3.906	39.06	100.0
Equipment	Tools	per ha	4.0	1.875	7.5	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Farm yard manure	tons	20.833	46.8	974.98	100.0
Construction material	Wood	pieces/ha	600.0	0.625	375.0	100.0
Other	Mulching material	bundle	300.0	1.875	562.5	100.0
Other	Transportation	trips	19.0	61.673	1171.79	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					3214.65

Comments:

Machinery/ tools: Machetes, Mattocks, Hand hoe, spade, wheel barrow, Machete,Hand hoes, spade, Hand hoe,Machete, Spade

Cost assesment completed in June 2012

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Manure is most determinate factor high transportation cost especially during establishment

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• concave situations

Comments and further specifications on topography:

Altitudinal zonation: 1270m a.s.l

Slopes on average: Movement of soil due to erosion, exposure of parent rock on some part of the farm

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil depth on average: Shallow on the hill slope and moderately deep on the valley bottom, also deep sometimes

Soil texture (topsoil): Sandy loam

Topsoil organic matter: Due to the high use of organic manure (farm yard manure) and mulch

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium due to the high use of organic manure (farm yard manure), mulch, good aeration

Soil water storage capacity is medium due to the high use of organic manure (farm yard manure) and mulch

5.4 Water availability and quality

5.5 Biodiversity

Comments and further specifications on biodiversity:

Different species of soil micro organisms and plant species

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: The land inheritance is mainly dominated by male, women mostly use the land for production of understory crops such as beans; banana and coffee production is dominated by men

Population density: > 500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%; 3%

5% of the land users are very rich and own 30% of the land (Own 2.5-5 acre land, car, 10-20 catlle,brick wall house).
15% of the land users are rich and own 20% of the land (Own 1-2.5 acre of land,2-5 cattle, brick wall house).
60% of the land users are average wealthy and own 35% of the land (Own 0.5-1 acre of land,2-3 goats,mud wall house with corrugarated iron roof).
15% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land (Own 0-0.5 acre of land, no livestock, mud house withgrass roofing).
5% of the land users are poor and own 5% of the land (Does not own land or own less than 0.5 acre of land, work as casual labour).

Off-farm income specification: 90% of land users income depends on on- income

Market orientation of production system: Mainly for substence for commecial

Level of mechanization: Using hand tools

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• individual, not titled

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

Climate and disaster risk reduction

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	Type of climatic change/ extreme	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm	well
local windstorm	well

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	well

Hydrological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood	not well

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences

	How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period	well

Comments:

Use drainage trenches

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

Depending on regular application of manure and mulch plus good management of the farm

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• more than 50%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

317 households (70 percent of all land users in the area)

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 90-100%

Comments:

317 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Limited with high labour and input cost (Manure)

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Increased house hold food security and income How can they be sustained / enhanced? Schedule regular maintenance activities

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Soil moisture conservation How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintenance of water harvesting ditches and replacement of mulching materials
Soil fertility improvement How can they be sustained / enhanced? Regular application of manure and mulch
Improvement of soil structure and aeration How can they be sustained / enhanced? Manure and mulch application
Control of soil erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintenance of plant cover and water retention ditches, manure and mulch application

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
High labour and capital demand	Phase in implementation and regular maintenance of the technology
High risk of fire	Use of fire breaks

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Improving Productivity of Field Crops and Post Harvest Management in North west Tanzania,United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Cooperatives,2008

7.3 Links to relevant information which is available online

Title/ description:

Kagera TAMP project website

URL:

http://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/en/