1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Inades Formation Tanzania (Inades Formation Tanzania)

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

23/12/1999

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Protecting and establishing bushy trees into forest of single straight stem trees

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

The place was completely bare . It was demarketed and fenced using shrubs. Shoots were identified, prunning was done to reduce the knots and straighten the stem, harvesting is done on the trees.area has unreliable rainfall.

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• more than 50 years ago (traditional)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• as part of a traditional system (> 50 years)

Comments (type of project, etc.):

farmer innovation

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• preserve/ improve biodiversity

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): defprestation and declining soil fertility

Constraints of infrastructure network (roads, railways, pipe lines, power lines)

Constraints of wilderness

3.3 Further information about land use

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 1

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: Dec - Apr

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• area closure (stop use, support restoration)

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:

• evenly spread over an area

If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:

• 100-1,000 km2

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Et: loss of topsoil

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

Comments:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover

Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, reduction in wind speed, increase in soil fertility

Change of land use type: from bare to forest

Other type of management: livestock management: controlled grazing

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology area

Specify currency used for cost calculations:

• US Dollars

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	harvesting	Management	when ready
2.	demarkation	Management	all time
3.	fencing	Management	sept
4.	identification of shoots	Management	all time
5.	prunning of lower branches	Management	occassionally

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Rehabilitate woodland and fencing	persons/day/ha	367.0	1.9	697.3	100.0
Equipment	Animal traction	ha	1.0	550.0	550.0	100.0
Equipment	Tools	ha	1.0	7.5	7.5	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					1254.8

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 72 month(s)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	identification	Management	any time / monthly
2.	prunning	Management	any time / monthly
3.	fence repair	Management	any time / monthly
4.	night security	Management	any time / monthly

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Maintenance	persons/day/ha	103.0	1.9	195.7	100.0
Equipment	Tools	ha	1.0	7.5	7.5	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					203.2

Comments:

based on labour required/ha

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

purchase of animals, fencing labour, labour for collecting brushwood

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Comments and further specifications on topography:

Slopes on average: Also moderate

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil depth on average: Also moderately deep

Soil fertility is very low - medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

15% of the land users are rich and own 20% of the land.
50% of the land users are average wealthy and own 60% of the land (with 8-17 cattle).
30% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.
15% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: most are farmers

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• state
• company

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Other socio-economic impacts

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Soil

Climate and disaster risk reduction

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• 1-10%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

400 households covering 5 percent of stated area (5% of all land users)

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 90-100%

Comments:

400 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: 10 have started

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
mulching material How can they be sustained / enhanced? more prunning
medicinal plants How can they be sustained / enhanced? plant more medicinal plants
firewood How can they be sustained / enhanced? continue prunning
pastures How can they be sustained / enhanced? maintainproper herd size

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
improve ground cover
improve soil moisture How can they be sustained / enhanced? include contour bunds
improves soil fertility How can they be sustained / enhanced? start composting
provides pasture and fuelwood How can they be sustained / enhanced? increase area
improves honey production How can they be sustained / enhanced? have species that bees like

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
night theft	night guard

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
one species grown	plant fruit trees
no contour bunds	construct the bunds
theft	train other to adopt the technology

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

farmer innovators networkshop

Available from where? Costs?

INADES Tanzania