1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Central Soil & Water Conservation Research & Training Institute - India

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Sahid Laxman Naik Development Society - India

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

IDCWDP (IDCWDP) - India

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

20/08/2004

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Dugout sunken pond with catchment treatment.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

(1) Total size of the project area = 4.75 Ha.
(2) Different structures taken up in the project area are
(i) Brushwood check dam- 6 Nos.
(ii) Drop structure- 8 Nos.
(iii) Dugout sunken pond - 1 No.
(3) All the above structures were positioned to ridge to valley treatment
(Ref.QT-6/2.1.2/a)

Purpose of the Technology: 1) Storage of runoff for cattle and human use.
2) Construction of structures to check soil erosion and sand casting.
3) Pisciculture.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Establishment :-
1) SWC specialist selected sites for dugout sunken pond, layout the design.
2) SWC specialist also selected sites for drop structures, brushwood check
dams in gullied portion of project area with reference to vertical interval
of slope gradient and space between structures.
3) The execution of work were done by concerned villagers on payment basis.
4) During execution, 20% of the total cost of the dugout sunken pond was
contributed by the villagers in shape of labour.
5) Training on technical know how imparted to the villagrs during execution
of pond, bund, drop structure and brush wood check dam.
Maintenance:-
1) The dugout sunken pond requires (a) Desiltation once in two years (b)
Repair of earthern bund around inlet and outlet every year.
2) The drop structure & brushwood check dams requires little maintenance when
ever requires.
3) One management group has formed in the same village & funds has been
raised by doing pisciculture in the pond.
4) The management group is taking major reponsibility for its maintenance.

Natural / human environment: (1) Drainage line stablilized (2) Adjuscant area cultivated (3) Users group
formed and pisciculture taken up for the Ist time in the village.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Area (NWDPRA)

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion):
1) A fellow, undulating, gullied piece of land.
2) Acute sand casting at the down stream cropland.
3) About 40% of the project area were practicing local paddy which suffers from erratic rainfall.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): A piece of land which depends upon the mercy of the Rain God for annual production.

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 1

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 150 Longest growing period from month to month: Jul - Nov

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• water harvesting
• beekeeping, aquaculture, poultry, rabbit farming, silkworm farming, etc.

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:

• evenly spread over an area

If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:

• < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)

Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.0475 km2.

A fellow, understanding, gullied piece ofland selected for the technology which suffers from sand casting and uncertainity of rain.

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Main causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (agricultural causes - Coordination of traditional method of agricultural practices like along the slope, use of long term local varieity of seeds etc.), poverty / wealth (lack of captial)

Secondary causes of degradation: other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Erosion problem), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of knowledge), Common social practices

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• reduce land degradation

Comments:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Aerial view of dugout sunken pond

Location: Siadimal, Korkonda. Malkangiri/Orissa/ India

Date: 15.3.2005

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap

Secondary technical functions: reduction of slope angle, water harvesting / increase water supply, Control of sand casting

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.15
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.45

Vegetative measure: In earthern bund slope
Vegetative material: G : grass
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): Compact
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 3.7

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Grass species: Vertivera and local grass slods

Structural measure: Sediment/Sand/Trap/brushwood check dam
Vertical interval between structures (m): 0.6
Spacing between structures (m): 10
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.6
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.5
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 3

Structural measure: Sediment/Sand/Trap/ drop structure
Vertical interval between structures (m): 9
Spacing between structures (m): 15
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.05
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 5.3
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 3

Structural measure: Dam/Pan/Dugout sunken pond
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 28/26/24/22
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 28/26/24/22

Structural measure: Bund/Trapizoidal
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.85
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.50+8.9/2
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 157

Construction material (earth): Soil excavated from pond is used to built bund around pond.

Construction material (stone): Inlet and outlet of pond and drop structure are made up of stone

Construction material (wood): Brush wood check dams are made up of wooden poles and bush wood.

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 8%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 3%

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:41

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

Rupee

Indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (if relevant): 1 USD =:

45.0

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	Collection grass sods and vertivera slips	Vegetative	beginning of rainy season
2.	Transporting grass sods on established banks	Vegetative	beginning of rainy season
3.	Watering	Vegetative	When dry in Ist. Season
4.	Dugout sunken pond-Surveying	Structural	Summer season
5.	Dugout sunken pond- soil excavated from pondage area used in trapizodical bund around leaving inlet & outlet portion.	Structural	Summer season
6.	Dugout sunken pond- Collection and transporting stone to inlet & outlet site	Structural	Summer season
7.	Dugout sunken pond- construction of inlet & outlet with stone	Structural	Summer season
8.	Dugout sunken pond- collection of local grass sods & vertiver slops	Structural	Onset of rain
9.	Dugout sunken pond- turfing the bund slopes and planting of vertiver slips in rows at up stream and down steam side of inlet and outlet	Structural	On set of rain
10.	Brushwood check dam- surveying	Structural	Summer season
11.	Brushwood check dam- collection of wooden poles and brush wood	Structural	Summer season
12.	Brushwood check dam- collection of picked up stones	Structural	Summer season
13.	Brushwood check dam- fixing of wooden pole, weiving with brush wood, filling up the gaps with picked up stones	Structural	Summer season
14.	Brushwood check dam- collection of vertiver slips and planting in upstream and downstream of each structure	Structural	On set of rain
15.	Drop structure- surveying	Structural	Summer season
16.	Drop structure- collection & transportation of stones to work spot	Structural	Summer season
17.	Drop structure- construction of drop structure with stones	Structural	Summer season
18.	Drop structure- collection of vertiver slips and planting at up stream and down stream of structure	Structural	On set of rain

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	ha	1.0	225.0	225.0	14.0
Equipment	Animal traction	ha	1.0	49.0	49.0
Equipment	Tools	ha	1.0	4.0	4.0
Other	Royalty charges for stones	ha	1.0	6.0	6.0
Other	Fishery and feed	ha	1.0	9.0	9.0
Other	Field bunding	ha	1.0	73.0	73.0	100.0
Other	Water way	ha	1.0	6.0	6.0	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					372.0

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	Collecting vertiver slips & grass sods for gap filling	Vegetative	Onset of rain /annual
2.	Collection of grass sods and gap fillling to bund layers	Structural	On set of rain/Annualy
3.	Desiltation	Structural	Before on set of rain/Biannualy

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Labour	ha	1.0	18.0	18.0	100.0
Other	Field bunding	ha	1.0	2.0	2.0	100.0
Other	Water way	ha	1.0	1.0	1.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					21.0

Comments:

The above calculation is based on the total establishment/ recurring cost both born by the project and land users is devided by the total project area i.e 4.75 ha. To get average hect. cost.

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Availability of stone affects the cost from implementing SWC

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Comments and further specifications on topography:

Altitudinal zone: 101-500 m a.s.l. (423 m a.s.l.)
Landforms: Plateau/plains (2-7% slope)

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil fertility: Medium
Soil drainage/infiltration: Good
Soil water storage capacity: Medium

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Population density: < 10 persons/km2
Annual population growth: < 0.5%
30% of the land users are average wealthy and own 60% of the land.
70% of the land users are poor and own 40% of the land.
Off-farm income specification: Land users from SWC technology area proctise contour plough, line sowing and using HYV paddy have increased their income significantly.
Level of mechanization: Manual labour and aniaml traction (bullock plough, both ranked 1)
Market orientation of production system: Pisciculture (Selling at village level)

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• communal/ village

Land use rights:

• open access (unorganized)

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Water availability and quality

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Soil

Other ecological impacts

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 90-100%

Comments:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

19 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: If the community find the technology is low cost to teke up and gets eye catching benefits, then the treand of adoption is good.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Water problem for human and cattle solved How can they be sustained / enhanced? Regular maintenance of pond needed
Damage of crops reduced by construction of series of structures How can they be sustained / enhanced? More field bunding, vegetative cover should be imparted.
Users group brings villagers closure How can they be sustained / enhanced? Manageent group to be reorganised annuly

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Water scarcity of the area partly solved How can they be sustained / enhanced? Regular desilting shound be done.
Heavy sand casting and soil loss controled How can they be sustained / enhanced? More vegetative cover required for catchement area
Crop production increased in the project area How can they be sustained / enhanced? Should be replicated by the people.
Pisciculture added extra income to the villagers How can they be sustained / enhanced? Hybrid fingerlings to be adopted

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Sand casting could not be checked fully	By full vegetative cover and more structural measures it can be checked.
Sediment deposit in down stream area decreased	The loss can be over come by increasing crop yield.

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Watershed Survey Report

Available from where? Costs?

Director of Soil Conservation, Orissa, Bhubaneswar

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Plan and Estimate

Available from where? Costs?

-do-