Technologies

Dugout Sunken Pond with Catchment Treatment [India]

Bandha/ Pokhari (Oriya)

technologies_1475 - India

Completeness: 76%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:

Patnaik Kishore Chandra

India

SLM specialist:

Pradhan Gandhi

India

SLM specialist:

Tripathy Dasarathi

India

SLM specialist:

Panda R.K

Central Soil & Water Conservation Research & Training Institute

India

SLM specialist:

Mohanty K.C

Sahid Laxman Naik Development Society

India

SLM specialist:

Mishra BIJAYALAXMI

IDCWDP

India

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1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches (documented using WOCAT)

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Dugout sunken pond with catchment treatment.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

(1) Total size of the project area = 4.75 Ha.
(2) Different structures taken up in the project area are
(i) Brushwood check dam- 6 Nos.
(ii) Drop structure- 8 Nos.
(iii) Dugout sunken pond - 1 No.
(3) All the above structures were positioned to ridge to valley treatment
(Ref.QT-6/2.1.2/a)

Purpose of the Technology: 1) Storage of runoff for cattle and human use.
2) Construction of structures to check soil erosion and sand casting.
3) Pisciculture.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Establishment :-
1) SWC specialist selected sites for dugout sunken pond, layout the design.
2) SWC specialist also selected sites for drop structures, brushwood check
dams in gullied portion of project area with reference to vertical interval
of slope gradient and space between structures.
3) The execution of work were done by concerned villagers on payment basis.
4) During execution, 20% of the total cost of the dugout sunken pond was
contributed by the villagers in shape of labour.
5) Training on technical know how imparted to the villagrs during execution
of pond, bund, drop structure and brush wood check dam.
Maintenance:-
1) The dugout sunken pond requires (a) Desiltation once in two years (b)
Repair of earthern bund around inlet and outlet every year.
2) The drop structure & brushwood check dams requires little maintenance when
ever requires.
3) One management group has formed in the same village & funds has been
raised by doing pisciculture in the pond.
4) The management group is taking major reponsibility for its maintenance.

Natural / human environment: (1) Drainage line stablilized (2) Adjuscant area cultivated (3) Users group
formed and pisciculture taken up for the Ist time in the village.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

India

Region/ State/ Province:

Orissa

Further specification of location:

Orissa/ Malkangiri

Specify the spread of the Technology:
  • evenly spread over an area
If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, specify area covered (in km2):

0.0475

If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:
  • < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)
Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.0475 km2.

A fellow, understanding, gullied piece ofland selected for the technology which suffers from sand casting and uncertainity of rain.

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
  • less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • through projects/ external interventions
Comments (type of project, etc.):

National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Area (NWDPRA)

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • improve production

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Yes

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):
  • Agro-pastoralism (incl. integrated crop-livestock)

Cropland

Cropland

  • Annual cropping
  • rice
Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 1
Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 150 Longest growing period from month to month: Jul - Nov

Grazing land

Grazing land

  • cattle
Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion):
1) A fellow, undulating, gullied piece of land.
2) Acute sand casting at the down stream cropland.
3) About 40% of the project area were practicing local paddy which suffers from erratic rainfall.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): A piece of land which depends upon the mercy of the Rain God for annual production.

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
  • rainfed

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • water harvesting
  • beekeeping, aquaculture, poultry, rabbit farming, silkworm farming, etc.

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

structural measures

structural measures

  • S5: Dams, pans, ponds
Comments:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: vegetative measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water

soil erosion by water

  • Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
  • Wg: gully erosion/ gullying
Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Main causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (agricultural causes - Coordination of traditional method of agricultural practices like along the slope, use of long term local varieity of seeds etc.), poverty / wealth (lack of captial)

Secondary causes of degradation: other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Erosion problem), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of knowledge), Common social practices

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • prevent land degradation
  • reduce land degradation
Comments:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

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Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):

Aerial view of dugout sunken pond

Location: Siadimal, Korkonda. Malkangiri/Orissa/ India

Date: 15.3.2005

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap

Secondary technical functions: reduction of slope angle, water harvesting / increase water supply, Control of sand casting

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.15
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.45

Vegetative measure: In earthern bund slope
Vegetative material: G : grass
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): Compact
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 3.7

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: G : grass

Grass species: Vertivera and local grass slods

Structural measure: Sediment/Sand/Trap/brushwood check dam
Vertical interval between structures (m): 0.6
Spacing between structures (m): 10
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.6
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.5
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 3

Structural measure: Sediment/Sand/Trap/ drop structure
Vertical interval between structures (m): 9
Spacing between structures (m): 15
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.05
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 5.3
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 3

Structural measure: Dam/Pan/Dugout sunken pond
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 28/26/24/22
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 28/26/24/22

Structural measure: Bund/Trapizoidal
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.85
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1.50+8.9/2
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 157

Construction material (earth): Soil excavated from pond is used to built bund around pond.

Construction material (stone): Inlet and outlet of pond and drop structure are made up of stone

Construction material (wood): Brush wood check dams are made up of wooden poles and bush wood.

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 8%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 3%

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:41

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Author:

Patnaik K.C, Malkangiri, Oriss

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

Rupee

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

45.0

Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

0.89

4.3 Establishment activities

Activity Timing (season)
1. Collection grass sods and vertivera slips beginning of rainy season
2. Transporting grass sods on established banks beginning of rainy season
3. Watering When dry in Ist. Season
4. Dugout sunken pond-Surveying Summer season
5. Dugout sunken pond- soil excavated from pondage area used in trapizodical bund around leaving inlet & outlet portion. Summer season
6. Dugout sunken pond- Collection and transporting stone to inlet & outlet site Summer season
7. Dugout sunken pond- construction of inlet & outlet with stone Summer season
8. Dugout sunken pond- collection of local grass sods & vertiver slops Onset of rain
9. Dugout sunken pond- turfing the bund slopes and planting of vertiver slips in rows at up stream and down steam side of inlet and outlet On set of rain
10. Brushwood check dam- surveying Summer season
11. Brushwood check dam- collection of wooden poles and brush wood Summer season
12. Brushwood check dam- collection of picked up stones Summer season
13. Brushwood check dam- fixing of wooden pole, weiving with brush wood, filling up the gaps with picked up stones Summer season
14. Brushwood check dam- collection of vertiver slips and planting in upstream and downstream of each structure On set of rain
15. Drop structure- surveying Summer season
16. Drop structure- collection & transportation of stones to work spot Summer season
17. Drop structure- construction of drop structure with stones Summer season
18. Drop structure- collection of vertiver slips and planting at up stream and down stream of structure On set of rain

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Labour ha 1.0 225.0 225.0 14.0
Equipment Animal traction ha 1.0 49.0 49.0
Equipment Tools ha 1.0 4.0 4.0
Other Royalty charges for stones ha 1.0 6.0 6.0
Other Fishery and feed ha 1.0 9.0 9.0
Other Field bunding ha 1.0 73.0 73.0 100.0
Other Water way ha 1.0 6.0 6.0 100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 372.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD 8.27

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Activity Timing/ frequency
1. Collecting vertiver slips & grass sods for gap filling Onset of rain /annual
2. Collection of grass sods and gap fillling to bund layers On set of rain/Annualy
3. Desiltation Before on set of rain/Biannualy

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Labour ha 1.0 18.0 18.0 100.0
Other Field bunding ha 1.0 2.0 2.0 100.0
Other Water way ha 1.0 1.0 1.0 100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology 21.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD 0.47
Comments:

The above calculation is based on the total establishment/ recurring cost both born by the project and land users is devided by the total project area i.e 4.75 ha. To get average hect. cost.

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Availability of stone affects the cost from implementing SWC

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Specify average annual rainfall (if known), in mm:

1760.00

Agro-climatic zone
  • sub-humid

South Eastern Ghat Agro Climatic Zone

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Comments and further specifications on topography:

Altitudinal zone: 101-500 m a.s.l. (423 m a.s.l.)
Landforms: Plateau/plains (2-7% slope)

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • medium (1-3%)
If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil fertility: Medium
Soil drainage/infiltration: Good
Soil water storage capacity: Medium

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Off-farm income:
  • 10-50% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
  • poor
  • average
Level of mechanization:
  • manual work
  • animal traction
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Population density: < 10 persons/km2
Annual population growth: < 0.5%
30% of the land users are average wealthy and own 60% of the land.
70% of the land users are poor and own 40% of the land.
Off-farm income specification: Land users from SWC technology area proctise contour plough, line sowing and using HYV paddy have increased their income significantly.
Level of mechanization: Manual labour and aniaml traction (bullock plough, both ranked 1)
Market orientation of production system: Pisciculture (Selling at village level)

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • communal/ village
Land use rights:
  • open access (unorganized)

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

crop production

decreased
increased

product diversity

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Fish add to their income

production area

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Closure of land by pondage area

Water availability and quality

water availability for livestock

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Pisciculture support to live stock, dirnking water for cattle

Socio-cultural impacts

community institutions

weakened
strengthened
Comments/ specify:

Management group formed and strengthened due to continurous income from pisciculture.

SLM/ land degradation knowledge

reduced
improved
Comments/ specify:

Training conducted

Linkage with other institutions

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Due to different activities in the pond linkage to other institution has increased like Horticulture, Fishery etc.

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

surface runoff

increased
decreased
Quantity before SLM:

90

Quantity after SLM:

40

excess water drainage

reduced
improved
Soil

soil moisture

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Due to water storage

soil loss

increased
decreased
Quantity before SLM:

87

Quantity after SLM:

45

Other ecological impacts

Biodiversity

decreased
increased

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

downstream siltation

increased
decreased

Soil moisture regime

increased
decreased

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

slightly positive

Long-term returns:

positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

neutral/ balanced

Long-term returns:

neutral/ balanced

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
  • 91-100%
Comments:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

19 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: If the community find the technology is low cost to teke up and gets eye catching benefits, then the treand of adoption is good.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Water problem for human and cattle solved

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Regular maintenance of pond needed
Damage of crops reduced by construction of series of structures

How can they be sustained / enhanced? More field bunding, vegetative cover should be imparted.
Users group brings villagers closure

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Manageent group to be reorganised annuly
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Water scarcity of the area partly solved

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Regular desilting shound be done.
Heavy sand casting and soil loss controled

How can they be sustained / enhanced? More vegetative cover required for catchement area
Crop production increased in the project area

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Should be replicated by the people.
Pisciculture added extra income to the villagers

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Hybrid fingerlings to be adopted

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
Sand casting could not be checked fully By full vegetative cover and more structural measures it can be checked.
Sediment deposit in down stream area decreased The loss can be over come by increasing crop yield.

7. References and links

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Watershed Survey Report

Available from where? Costs?

Director of Soil Conservation, Orissa, Bhubaneswar

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Plan and Estimate

Available from where? Costs?

-do-

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