Reforestation [Spain]
- Creation:
- Update:
- Compiler: Artemi Cerda
- Editor: –
- Reviewers: Fabian Ottiger, Deborah Niggli, Alexandra Gavilano
Reforestación
technologies_1267 - Spain
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Expand all Collapse all1. General information
1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology
Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Best Practices for Land Degradation Control in Dryland Areas of China (Best Practices China)Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Universidad de Valencia (Universidad de Valencia) - Spain1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT
When were the data compiled (in the field)?
24/10/2014
The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:
Yes
1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology
Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?
No
2. Description of the SLM Technology
2.1 Short description of the Technology
Definition of the Technology:
Reforestation refers to establishment of forest on land that had recent tree cover.
2.2 Detailed description of the Technology
Description:
A wildfire is expected for summer 2015 in the Caroig mountain range. The area was afforested with Aleppo pines during the 20th century and nowadays the landscape is composed by mature Aleppo pines at different stages of development with shrub vegetation in the understorey.
Purpose of the Technology: The post-fire area is expected to be reforested with local shrubs species and Aleppo pines.
Perturbation by machinery when reforesting is expected to increase soil erosion.
The research team of the University of Valencia will implement an experiment based on the sediment fences technique to capture and measure post-fire soil losses in a reforested burned landscape.
Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Maintenance activity deals with the plantation scheme which includes man-power, machinery, access to remote areas and cost of plants, as main expenses.
Natural / human environment: The Aleppo pine trees in the region are typically planted as monoculture for wood production. The landscape reflects a long history of intense land management, with a mosaic of (semi-) natural and man-made agricultural (terraces) and afforested lands. Since the 1970´s, however, wildfires have increased dramatically in frequency and extent, driven primarily by socio-economic changes.
2.3 Photos of the Technology
2.4 Videos of the Technology
Comments, short description:
no video
Date:
06/06/2017
Location:
no video
Name of videographer:
no video
2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment
Country:
Spain
Region/ State/ Province:
Spain
Further specification of location:
Valencia
Comments:
A wildfire is expected in the study area for summer 2015.
Map
×2.6 Date of implementation
If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
- less than 10 years ago (recently)
2.7 Introduction of the Technology
Specify how the Technology was introduced:
- through land users' innovation
3. Classification of the SLM Technology
3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology
- reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied
Forest/ woodlands
Tree plantation, afforestation:
- Monoculture local variety
- Aleppo pines
Products and services:
- Timber
- Fuelwood
- Fruits and nuts
- Other forest products
- Grazing/ browsing
- Nature conservation/ protection
- Recreation/ tourism
- Protection against natural hazards
Unproductive land
Specify:
shrub vegetation: quercus ilex, quercus coccifera, pistacia lentiscus, rosmarinus officinalis; Grass species: brachypodium retusum
Comments:
Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): It is expected that after a wildfire runoff and soil erosion will increase, resulting in a decrease of on-site fertility and derived off-site effects such as loss of water quality, soil water storage, higher risk of flooding and damage to human life.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Loss of wood resources.
Plantation forestry: Aleppo pine plantations
3.3 Further information about land use
Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
- rainfed
Number of growing seasons per year:
- 1
Specify:
Longest growing period in days: 180, Longest growing period from month to month: February to july
3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs
- natural and semi-natural forest management
- ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction
3.5 Spread of the Technology
Specify the spread of the Technology:
- evenly spread over an area
If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:
- 10-100 km2
Comments:
A wildfire is expected in the study area for summer 2015.
3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology
vegetative measures
- V1: Tree and shrub cover
structural measures
- S3: Graded ditches, channels, waterways
Comments:
Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -graded strips
3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology
soil erosion by water
- Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
biological degradation
- Bc: reduction of vegetation cover
Comments:
Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (forest fires), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts), droughts, population pressure (depopulation)
3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation
Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
- restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land
4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs
4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology
4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing
Bench terraces construction promotes water and sediment deposition and reduces slope lenght.
Location: Valencia. Spain
Date: 02-02-2014
Secondary technical functions: reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length
Aligned: -graded strips
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Trees/ shrubs species: Aleppo pine, quercus ilex, quercus coccifera, pistacia lentiscus, rosmarinus officinalis
Grass species: brachypodium retusum
Bund/ bank: graded
Vertical interval between structures (m): 10
Spacing between structures (m): 3
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 50
Construction material (earth): ripped soil surface by specialized machinery
4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs
Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:
- per Technology area
Specify currency used for cost calculations:
- US Dollars
4.4 Establishment activities
Activity | Type of measure | Timing | |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Abandonment | Vegetative | 10 years |
4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment
Specify input | Unit | Quantity | Costs per Unit | Total costs per input | % of costs borne by land users | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | abandonment | Person days |
4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities
Activity | Type of measure | Timing/ frequency | |
---|---|---|---|
1. | no maintenances | Agronomic | 0 |
4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)
Specify input | Unit | Quantity | Costs per Unit | Total costs per input | % of costs borne by land users | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | visits to the field | € | 1.0 |
4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs
Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:
Costs will be affected by slope angle, soil depth which reverts in manpower and specialized machinery.
5. Natural and human environment
5.1 Climate
Annual rainfall
- < 250 mm
- 251-500 mm
- 501-750 mm
- 751-1,000 mm
- 1,001-1,500 mm
- 1,501-2,000 mm
- 2,001-3,000 mm
- 3,001-4,000 mm
- > 4,000 mm
Specifications/ comments on rainfall:
Mediterranean climate with concentred precipitation in february-may and september-december months. Drought from june to september
Agro-climatic zone
- sub-humid
- semi-arid
Thermal climate class: temperate (Transition zone between smi-arid and sub-humid)
5.2 Topography
Slopes on average:
- flat (0-2%)
- gentle (3-5%)
- moderate (6-10%)
- rolling (11-15%)
- hilly (16-30%)
- steep (31-60%)
- very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
- plateau/plains
- ridges
- mountain slopes
- hill slopes
- footslopes
- valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
- 0-100 m a.s.l.
- 101-500 m a.s.l.
- 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
- 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
- 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
- 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
- 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
- 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
- > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Comments and further specifications on topography:
Landforms: Also footslopes
Altitudinal zone: 650-700 metres above sea level
5.3 Soils
Soil depth on average:
- very shallow (0-20 cm)
- shallow (21-50 cm)
- moderately deep (51-80 cm)
- deep (81-120 cm)
- very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
- medium (loamy, silty)
Topsoil organic matter:
- high (>3%)
If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.
Soil depth on average: Very shallow(Leptool) and shallow (Cambiosol)
Soil fertility is medium
Soil drainage/infiltration is medium
Soil water storage capacity is high
5.4 Water availability and quality
Ground water table:
5-50 m
Availability of surface water:
poor/ none
Water quality (untreated):
for agricultural use only (irrigation)
5.5 Biodiversity
Species diversity:
- medium
5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology
Sedentary or nomadic:
- Sedentary
Market orientation of production system:
- mixed (subsistence/ commercial
Off-farm income:
- less than 10% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
- average
Individuals or groups:
- individual/ household
Level of mechanization:
- manual work
Gender:
- men
Age of land users:
- elderly
5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology
- < 0.5 ha
- 0.5-1 ha
- 1-2 ha
- 2-5 ha
- 5-15 ha
- 15-50 ha
- 50-100 ha
- 100-500 ha
- 500-1,000 ha
- 1,000-10,000 ha
- > 10,000 ha
5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights
Land ownership:
- individual, titled
5.9 Access to services and infrastructure
health:
- poor
- moderate
- good
education:
- poor
- moderate
- good
technical assistance:
- poor
- moderate
- good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
- poor
- moderate
- good
markets:
- poor
- moderate
- good
energy:
- poor
- moderate
- good
roads and transport:
- poor
- moderate
- good
drinking water and sanitation:
- poor
- moderate
- good
financial services:
- poor
- moderate
- good
- poor
- moderate
- good
6. Impacts and concluding statements
6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown
Socio-economic impacts
Production
wood production
forest/ woodland quality
Socio-cultural impacts
recreational opportunities
SLM/ land degradation knowledge
Ecological impacts
Soil
soil loss
Biodiversity: vegetation, animals
biomass/ above ground C
6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown
wind transported sediments
6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)
Climate-related extremes (disasters)
Meteorological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it? | |
---|---|
local rainstorm | not well |
6.4 Cost-benefit analysis
How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:
neutral/ balanced
Long-term returns:
neutral/ balanced
How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:
neutral/ balanced
Long-term returns:
neutral/ balanced
6.5 Adoption of the Technology
- 10-50%
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
- 50-90%
6.6 Adaptation
Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?
No
6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view |
---|
Local species and new tree plantations are seen as future local production. |
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view |
---|
Reforestation with local species must to be done based on a previous assessment of the fire effects on environment. Removing burned logs and planting trees and shrubs with heavy machinery could lead the system to a degradation stage instead of decrease soil losses. |
6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view | How can they be overcome? |
---|---|
Impacts of heavy machinery in a fragil post-fire environment. |
7. References and links
7.1 Methods/ sources of information
- field visits, field surveys
64
7.2 References to available publications
Title, author, year, ISBN:
Francos, M., Úbeda, X., Tort, J., Panareda, J.M., Cerdà, A. 2016. The role of forest fire severity on vegetation recovery after 18 years. Implications for forest management of Quercus suber L. in Iberian Peninsula, Global and Planetary Change,145:11-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.07.016
Available from where? Costs?
internet
7.3 Links to relevant information which is available online
Title/ description:
Our webpage
URL:
http://sedergroup.weebly.com
Links and modules
Expand all Collapse allLinks
No links
Modules
No modules