Landuse Change from Rice to Vegetables in the Recharge Area to Decrease Salination in the Discharge Zone. [Thailand]
- Creation:
- Update:
- Compiler: supranee sritumboon
- Editor: –
- Reviewers: Rima Mekdaschi Studer, Samran Sombatpanit
Growing Vegetables
technologies_4161 - Thailand
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Expand all Collapse all1. General information
1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology
Key resource person(s)
land user:
Noithong Bualai
Farmer of Ban Kaonoi
Thailand
Volunteer soil doctor:
Sommakate Boonmee
Volunteer soil doctor who is a farmer in a community; he volunteers and collaborates with the Regional Office of Land Development Department.
Thailand
SLM specialist:
Rhophandung Weera
Land Development Department Region 5
Thailand
SLM specialist:
SLM specialist:
Phothinam Pornpana
Land Development Department Region 5
Thailand
SLM specialist:
Jakkarach Usa
Land Development Department Region 5
Thailand
SLM specialist:
Wangkaew Areerat
Land Development Department
Thailand
national consultant:
Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Decision Support for Mainstreaming and Scaling out Sustainable Land Management (GEF-FAO / DS-SLM)Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Land Development Department LDD (Land Development Department LDD) - Thailand1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT
The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:
Yes
1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology
Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?
No
Comments:
The alteration of an inappropriate area from rice to vegetables, with a pump well installed for irrigation. Farmers could rotate the vegetables with paddy rice.
2. Description of the SLM Technology
2.1 Short description of the Technology
Definition of the Technology:
Landuse change from rice to vegetables started by a group of farmers with help from the LDD in providing irrigation from shallow groundwater through a 28m deep bore hole. This enables to lower groundwater level that prevents salination at the discharged low-lying area.
2.2 Detailed description of the Technology
Description:
Changing submerged rice to salt-tolerant vegetables recommended by LDD researchers was started 25 years ago by a group of farmers at Ban Kaonoi Village, Pueaiyai Sub-district, Non Sila District, Khon Kaen Province. The land is located at the recharge area, which is nonsaline, with the groundwater that has salinity of 0.7 dS/m. The groundwater that moves downward and flows along the path and picks up salt - then moves upward and deposits salt at the low-lying area - causes off-site salinization. The LDD supports the landuse change from rice to vegetables for higher income as well as for lowering groundwater level, as rice uses high amount of water through flood irrigation that promotes more downward movement of water in the soil. Farmers try to use minimal amount of water to prevent salt accumulation, the water applied weekly through furrows being 90 m3/rai. The objectives of changing rice to vegetables are to (a) decrease water use compared to rice (b) get higher income from growing salt-tolerant vegetables, and (c) prevent off-site salinization. Without drainage system, the following slightly to moderately salt-tolerant vegetables are recommended: sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum), lemon basil (Ocimum africanum), celery (Apium graviolens), coriander (Coriandrum sativum). The planting method starts with land preparation by plowing twice, the second plowing including making bed 1 m wide, 0.3 m high, mixed with 500 kg/rai cow dung, with 0.3m wide irrigation furrow between the beds. The plants are divided into two groups: long- and short-duration crops. Long-duration crop basils need 5 months before harvest; the 25-day-old seedlings are planted at 20x20 cm spacing. The first crop starts in mid-January and can be harvested at the end of May, while the second crop starts in mid-July, to be harvested in mid-December.
The short-duration crops coriander and Chinese celery need 75-80 days growing period. Seeds of both crops are sown together on the same bed twice a year for two crop harvests. The first sowing starts in late January or early February and can be harvested in mid-April while the second sowing is done in late July, to be harvested in early October. Only short-duration crops can be planted after the rice harvest in December or earlier. Normally, land preparation starts in January, followed with planting in early February. The coriander and celery need partial shading; they are grown in the beds with slants provided. Maintenance includes weeding (by labourers) and fertilizer application for basils. For coriander, the fertilizer used is 46-0-0 (NPK) at 100 kg/rai, split 4 times equally after each harvest, while for celery the fertilizer application rate is the same but split only two times, at 20 days and 35 days after planting, respectively. Furthermore, the labour used is for supplemental irrigation (by spraying water on the leaves every day or depend on soil moisture content) except the 7th day that the irrigation is done through the furrows.
The basil crops can be harvested 4 times from each planting (by cutting the lower branches), with approx. 1-month interval. The coriander can be harvested when 1.5-month old on the same plot as celery, the harvest of which is done at 2-2.5 months.
The costs and benefits are calculated; the costs include seed, fertilizer, and labour for land preparation, planting, irrigation, maintenance, and harvest. The farmers favor the technology because the crops can grow well in such circumstances and the produces meet the market’s demand. In such way, farmers get higher income compared with rice, while farm residues and weeds can be used as animal feed.
2.3 Photos of the Technology
General remarks regarding photos:
The images show the process of vegetable cultivation in a village that farmers developed from their experience.
2.4 Videos of the Technology
Date:
02/10/2018
Location:
Ban Kaonoi
Name of videographer:
Supranee Sritumboon
2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment
Country:
Thailand
Region/ State/ Province:
Northeast/Khon Kaen
Further specification of location:
Ban Kaonoi is in Non Sila Sub-district, Banphai District, Khon Kaen Province.
Specify the spread of the Technology:
- evenly spread over an area
If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:
- 1-10 km2
Is/are the technology site(s) located in a permanently protected area?
No
Comments:
This technology was distributed in a paddy area with slight salinity, which is a recharge area.
Map
×2.6 Date of implementation
If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
- 10-50 years ago
2.7 Introduction of the Technology
Specify how the Technology was introduced:
- through land users' innovation
- through projects/ external interventions
- as part of a traditional system over 25 years
Comments (type of project, etc.):
Technology was developed by the farmers and disseminated in the area as a traditional system and then through the project by Land Development Department Region 5.
3. Classification of the SLM Technology
3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology
- improve production
- adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts
- create beneficial economic impact
3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied
Cropland
- Annual cropping
Annual cropping - Specify crops:
- cereals - rice (wetland)
- paddy rice and vegetables
Number of growing seasons per year:
- 3
Specify:
1 crop of paddy rice and 2 crops of vegetables
Is crop rotation practiced?
Yes
If yes, specify:
The vegetables as Apium gravcolens L., and Coriandrum sativum L. will be grown after rice harvesting.
Waterways, waterbodies, wetlands
- Pump well
Main products/ services:
Farmers use water from a pump well for vegetables; the well should not be deeper than 30 m.
Comments:
Farmer constructed the pump well in their area that they mainly use for vegetables. Also, they can use the pump well for paddy rice in a drought year such as in 2018.
3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?
Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?
- Yes (Please fill out the questions below with regard to the land use before implementation of the Technology)
Land use mixed within the same land unit:
No
Cropland
- Annual cropping
- Paddy rice and vegetables (Ocimum basilicum L., Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Ocimum x africanum Lour.)
Is crop rotation practiced?
Yes
If yes, specify:
Vegetables (Apium gravcolens L. and Coriandrum sativum L.) will be rotated with paddy rice.
Comments:
Vegetables were mainly growing in some paddy area in upland. Moreover, farmers will grow vegetables after rice harvesting in lowland fields.
3.4 Water supply
Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
- mixed rainfed-irrigated
Comments:
The area is under rainfed agriculture but farmers set up the pump well to support cultivation.
3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs
- rotational systems (crop rotation, fallows, shifting cultivation)
- integrated crop-livestock management
- ground water management
3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology
agronomic measures
- A1: Vegetation/ soil cover
- A2: Organic matter/ soil fertility
structural measures
- S7: Water harvesting/ supply/ irrigation equipment
management measures
- M6: Waste management (recycling, re-use or reduce)
Comments:
Farmers applied farmyard manure for soil improvement in the vegetable area. All or most households keep cattle so they have manure for such use.
3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology
chemical soil deterioration
- Cs: salinization/ alkalinization
physical soil deterioration
- Pc: compaction
- Pk: slaking and crusting
biological degradation
- Bc: reduction of vegetation cover
- Bq: quantity/ biomass decline
- Bl: loss of soil life
water degradation
- Hq: decline of groundwater quality
Comments:
The area applied with such technology is located in a slightly saline zone.
3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation
Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
- reduce land degradation
- adapt to land degradation
Comments:
Reducing and adapting to land degradation and climate change.
4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs
4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology
Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):
Schematic cross-section of groundwater flow from downward movement in the recharge zone with salt pick up along the pathway and salt deposit in the discharge area by upward movement.
4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs
Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:
- per Technology area
Indicate size and area unit:
1 rai
If using a local area unit, indicate conversion factor to one hectare (e.g. 1 ha = 2.47 acres): 1 ha =:
1 ha = 6.25 rai
other/ national currency (specify):
THB
If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:
32.0
Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:
300
4.3 Establishment activities
Activity | Timing (season) | |
---|---|---|
1. | Drilling a pump well | May-July |
2. | Preparation of plots to produce vegetable seedlings | May-July |
3. | Vegetable planting | May-July |
4. | Fertilizer application | before planting |
4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment
Specify input | Unit | Quantity | Costs per Unit | Total costs per input | % of costs borne by land users | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Preparing vegetable garden | rai | 1.0 | 1200.0 | 1200.0 | |
Labour | Havesting cost | person | 12.0 | 300.0 | 3600.0 | |
Plant material | Parsley seeds | gram | 300.0 | 0.183 | 54.9 | |
Plant material | Celery seeds | gram | 400.0 | 1.375 | 550.0 | |
Plant material | Sweet basil seeds | gram | 800.0 | 0.25 | 200.0 | |
Fertilizers and biocides | Compost 1.25 THB/kg, application rate 1,000 kg/rai | time | 1.0 | 1252.0 | 1252.0 | |
Fertilizers and biocides | Urea fertilizer 12 THB/kg, application rate 50 kg/rai | time | 1.0 | 600.0 | 600.0 | |
Total costs for establishment of the Technology | 7456.9 | |||||
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD | 233.03 |
If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:
Land Development Department
4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities
Activity | Timing/ frequency | |
---|---|---|
1. | Fertilizer application | 2 times/crop |
2. | Irrigation for parsley and celery | 90 days/crop |
3. | Irrigation for sweet basil | 180 days/crop |
4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)
Specify input | Unit | Quantity | Costs per Unit | Total costs per input | % of costs borne by land users | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Irrigation for parsley and celery | day | 16.875 | 300.0 | 5062.5 | |
Labour | Irrigation for sweet basil | day | 11.25 | 300.0 | 3375.0 | |
Fertilizers and biocides | Urea fertilizer 12 THB/kg, application rate 25 kg/rai | time | 5.0 | 300.0 | 1500.0 | |
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology | 9937.5 | |||||
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD | 310.55 |
4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs
Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:
Drilling a pump well because water is the most important factor for the production.
5. Natural and human environment
5.1 Climate
Annual rainfall
- < 250 mm
- 251-500 mm
- 501-750 mm
- 751-1,000 mm
- 1,001-1,500 mm
- 1,501-2,000 mm
- 2,001-3,000 mm
- 3,001-4,000 mm
- > 4,000 mm
Specify average annual rainfall (if known), in mm:
1200.00
Indicate the name of the reference meteorological station considered:
Upper Northeastern Meteorological Center
Agro-climatic zone
- humid
5.2 Topography
Slopes on average:
- flat (0-2%)
- gentle (3-5%)
- moderate (6-10%)
- rolling (11-15%)
- hilly (16-30%)
- steep (31-60%)
- very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
- plateau/plains
- ridges
- mountain slopes
- hill slopes
- footslopes
- valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
- 0-100 m a.s.l.
- 101-500 m a.s.l.
- 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
- 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
- 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
- 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
- 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
- 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
- > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:
- not relevant
5.3 Soils
Soil depth on average:
- very shallow (0-20 cm)
- shallow (21-50 cm)
- moderately deep (51-80 cm)
- deep (81-120 cm)
- very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
- fine/ heavy (clay)
Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface):
- fine/ heavy (clay)
Topsoil organic matter:
- low (<1%)
5.4 Water availability and quality
Ground water table:
5-50 m
Availability of surface water:
medium
Water quality (untreated):
for agricultural use only (irrigation)
Water quality refers to:
both ground and surface water
Is water salinity a problem?
Yes
Is flooding of the area occurring?
No
5.5 Biodiversity
Species diversity:
- medium
Habitat diversity:
- medium
5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology
Sedentary or nomadic:
- Sedentary
Market orientation of production system:
- commercial/ market
Off-farm income:
- less than 10% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
- rich
Individuals or groups:
- groups/ community
Level of mechanization:
- manual work
- mechanized/ motorized
Gender:
- women
- men
Age of land users:
- middle-aged
- elderly
5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology
- < 0.5 ha
- 0.5-1 ha
- 1-2 ha
- 2-5 ha
- 5-15 ha
- 15-50 ha
- 50-100 ha
- 100-500 ha
- 500-1,000 ha
- 1,000-10,000 ha
- > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
- medium-scale
5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights
Land ownership:
- individual, titled
Land use rights:
- open access (unorganized)
Water use rights:
- open access (unorganized)
Are land use rights based on a traditional legal system?
Yes
5.9 Access to services and infrastructure
health:
- poor
- moderate
- good
education:
- poor
- moderate
- good
technical assistance:
- poor
- moderate
- good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
- poor
- moderate
- good
markets:
- poor
- moderate
- good
energy:
- poor
- moderate
- good
roads and transport:
- poor
- moderate
- good
drinking water and sanitation:
- poor
- moderate
- good
financial services:
- poor
- moderate
- good
6. Impacts and concluding statements
6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown
Socio-economic impacts
Production
crop production
crop quality
product diversity
production area
land management
Water availability and quality
drinking water availability
drinking water quality
water availability for livestock
irrigation water availability
irrigation water quality
Income and costs
farm income
diversity of income sources
Socio-cultural impacts
food security/ self-sufficiency
health situation
SLM/ land degradation knowledge
Ecological impacts
Water cycle/ runoff
water quantity
water quality
Soil
soil moisture
soil cover
nutrient cycling/ recharge
salinity
Biodiversity: vegetation, animals
Vegetation cover
plant diversity
animal diversity
Climate and disaster risk reduction
drought impacts
6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown
water availability
6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)
Gradual climate change
Gradual climate change
Season | increase or decrease | How does the Technology cope with it? | |
---|---|---|---|
annual temperature | decrease | well | |
annual rainfall | increase | well |
Climate-related extremes (disasters)
Climatological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it? | |
---|---|
drought | well |
6.4 Cost-benefit analysis
How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:
positive
Long-term returns:
very positive
How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:
positive
Long-term returns:
very positive
6.5 Adoption of the Technology
- > 50%
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
- 51-90%
6.6 Adaptation
Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?
Yes
If yes, indicate to which changing conditions it was adapted:
- labour availability (e.g. due to migration)
6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view |
---|
Get higher income from land use change from rice to vegetables. |
Decrease water use compared to rice cultivation. |
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view |
---|
Lowering groundwater level. |
Increasing farmer income. |
Prevents salination at the discharged low-lying area. |
6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view | How can they be overcome? |
---|---|
Farmers need to find the market by themselves. | Expanding the vegetable plantation area will draw merchants to come and buy in the community. |
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view | How can they be overcome? |
---|---|
Some farmers prefer rice cultivation to growing vegetables. | Provide more information on land use change and create conscience of salination effect to the farmer. |
7. References and links
7.1 Methods/ sources of information
- field visits, field surveys
Visit 2 land user's land
- interviews with land users
Interview with 1 farmer
- interviews with SLM specialists/ experts
A Land Development Department officer
7.2 References to available publications
Title, author, year, ISBN:
Land Development Department
Available from where? Costs?
http://www.ldd.go.th/
7.3 Links to relevant online information
Title/ description:
where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide
URL:
https://www.wocat.net/library/media/27/
Title/ description:
where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)
URL:
https://www.wocat.net/en/projects-and-countries/projects/drr
7.4 General comments
The questionnaire is very complicated.
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