1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Scaling-up SLM practices by smallholder farmers (IFAD)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Royal University of Agriculture (RUA) - Cambodia

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Intercropping of mungbean between orange trees improves soil fertility and generates income before the orange trees bear fruit.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Agroforestry is a farming practice that can involve growing of a mixture of woody perennials like trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc. with crops and/or animals, on the same land-management units. Agroforestry systems play an important role in ecological and economical interactions between the different land use components (Lundgren and Raintree, 1982). It represents an interface between agriculture and forestry, and encompasses mixed land-use practices. Agroforestry systems are composed of three attributes:
1. Productivity (improved tree products, yields of associated crops, reduction of cropping system inputs, and increased labor use efficiency);
2. Sustainability (beneficial effects of woody perennials);
3. Adoptability (MoE/Adaptation Fund/UNEP, 2016).

In Cambodia, mungbean grows throughout the whole year almost, depending on the moisture factor. Mungbean is short maturity crop which can be grown both in sloping upland and in lowland areas. In upland areas farmers usually plant their second crop in August and harvest it in October. Mungbean is a crop that can be grown on many soil types, but grows best on alluvial, sandy, and volcanic soils which well drained containing high levels of nutrients (incl. N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and organic matter (MAFF, 2005). Mungbean crop duration depends on the variety, with short-term, medium-term and long-term being harvested between 60-65 days, 65-75 days, and 75-80 days, respectively.

Mungbean residues can make an active contribution to improvement of soil quality through nitrogen fixation and subsequent incorporation of this nitrogen into the soil after root and nodule degeneration by Rhizobium bacteria. The incorporation of the organic root material also improves the soil structure (MAFF, 2005, Chadha, 2010, IRRI-CIMMYT Alliance, 2009). The taproot of the mungbean can penetrate the soil to a depth of 50-60 centimeters. Sometimes, some land users grow mungbean as a green manure crop specifically to improve soil quality (Tauch Ung, 2010).

Mr. Chea Sarith is one example of land user who practices intercropping of orange trees with mungbean since 2013. The main purpose is to improve soil fertility, to prevent soil erosion, and to generate income before the orange trees provide fruit. In addition, it eases the weed control. After the harvest the farmer leaves the plant residues on the soil to provide organic matter. With the objective not to harm the roots of the orange trees, he avoids tilling the soil. In general, mungbean grows twice a season depending on the rainfall distribution and soil moisture.

The average yield of direct seeded mungbean as an intercrop between orange trees is about 1,200 kg/ha (harvested 3 times per crop). If mungbean is grown as a single crop the yield is usually ranges from 1,300 to 1,400 kg/ha. The market price for mungbean grain is usually about 4,500 to 5,000 Riel/kg.

Before planting orange trees the soil requires two turns of ploughing. After first ploughing the soil should dry during 1-2 months, before it can be ploughed again by a wheel harrow. Orange trees then are planted in rows into pits of 1 m x 1 m, with a depth of 70-80 cm. The spacing between the trees, as well as between the rows is usually 6 meters. Before planting, the orange tree seedlings (bought from outside) are usually kept at the farm site for 15 to 20 days, which to allow them to adapt to the conditions of the growing environment. The farmer installed a water pipe in the underground to irrigate the fruit orchard. The nearby stream serves as water source. After the tree plantation, mungbean is sown by direct seeding on the remaining bare soil. This is done by putting 3 to 4 seeds into the seed holes (3 to 4 cm sowing depth at a plant spacing of 20 cm and a row spacing of 30 cm. After harvest the residues of the mungbean plants are squashed by machine and left to rot on the soil surface until is the next mungbean cycle starts by direct seeding.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2013

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through land users' innovation
• during experiments/ research

Comments (type of project, etc.):

Through farmers experience, investigation on cropping and natural fertilizer application.

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production
• reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
• create beneficial economic impact

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Yes

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):

• Agroforestry

Comments:

Orange and mungbean.

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

• Yes (Please fill out the questions below with regard to the land use before implementation of the Technology)

Comments:

Degraded forest, soil from termite mound.

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• mixed rainfed-irrigated

Comments:

There is a stream near the farm for supply the water for orange trees.

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• agroforestry
• improved ground/ vegetation cover

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land

Comments:

The former degraded forest soil was rehabilitated by the rotten residues of the mungbean, the deep penetration of its taproots, and by the nitrogen fixation through the symbiotic association of nitrogen fixing bacteria in the nodular roots of the mungbean. Thus, the soil structure and the soil fertility were improved little by little.

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology area

other/ national currency (specify):

KHR (Riel)

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

4000.0

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Clear degraded forest	January
2.	Clear the termite mound to flatten the area	Dry season
3.	Drying the soil by sunlight	Dry season
4.	Buy orange trees and adapt them to the condition of the area	Dry season
5.	Planting orange trees	August

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Clear the degraded forest soil	Person-day	80.0	2000.0	160000.0	100.0
Labour	Collect the residue of forest and then burn	Person-day	60.0	20000.0	1200000.0	100.0
Labour	Clear 40 termite mounds in 4 hectares	Person-day	48.0	20000.0	960000.0	100.0
Labour	Hire labor to carry the soil of termite mound to put in the hole of orange tree for planting	Person-day	180.0	20000.0	3600000.0	100.0
Equipment	Grass cutting marchine	piece	2.0	1200000.0	2400000.0	100.0
Equipment	Two wheel tractor	piece	1.0	12000000.0	12000000.0	100.0
Plant material	Orange seedlings	seedling	1026.0	6000.0	6156000.0	100.0
Construction material	Pumping machine	piece	1.0	1200000.0	1200000.0	100.0
Construction material	Irrigation system such as big tube, small tube etc	set	1.0	8000000.0	8000000.0	100.0
Other	Planting orange trees	Person-day	51.0	20000.0	1020000.0	100.0
Other	Pesticide sprayer machine	piece	3.0	600000.0	1800000.0	100.0
Other	Spraying pesticide hand pump sprayer	piece	1.0	280000.0	280000.0	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					38776000.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					9694.0

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	Watering during dry season in the first year of planting orange trees	Two times per day during dry season
2.	Spraying pesticides when there is present of insects on orange trees	Spray once time per season
3.	Pruning some branches of orange trees	When the orange trees 2 years (One year cut some branches once time)
4.	Apply organic fertilizer for the orange trees	When the orange trees are 4 years
5.	Spray against weeds	Spray once time per half month.
6.	Spray pesticides on mungbean plants	When mungbean flowering
7.	Direct seeding of mungbean	August

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Watering the orange trees	Person-day	11.0	20000.0	220000.0	100.0
Labour	Pruning some branches of orange trees	Person-day	100.0	20000.0	2000000.0	100.0
Labour	Hire labor to spray pesticides	Person-day	8.0	20000.0	160000.0	100.0
Labour	Hire labor to harvest mungbean when mature	Person-day	120.0	20000.0	2400000.0	100.0
Plant material	Mungbean seed (1 hectare need 25 kg of mungbean) seeds)	hectare	4.0	312500.0	1250000.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Pesticides for orange trees	bottle	4.0	40000.0	160000.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Chemicals for improving of stem of mungbean	package	60.0	1500.0	90000.0	100.0
Fertilizers and biocides	Pesticide to kill worms on mungbean	bottle	2.0	40000.0	80000.0	100.0
Other	Direct seeding of mungbean	Person-day	56.0	20000.0	1120000.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					7480000.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					1870.0

Comments:

The maintenance costs then depend on the age of orange trees. The cost calculation of maintenance of orange trees is for year period, but the the recurrent costs for mungbean cultivation is calculated only for one crop cycle (two months and half).

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

The establishment of an orange tree orachard requires a lot of money.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• not relevant

Comments and further specifications on topography:

On Phnum Kravanh mountain area.

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

PH=6

5.4 Water availability and quality

Is water salinity a problem?

No

Is flooding of the area occurring?

No

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• individual, titled

Land use rights:

• individual

Water use rights:

• open access (unorganized)

Comments:

There is free access of water stream nearby. He never has water usage conflict.

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	well
seasonal temperature	wet/ rainy season	increase	moderately
seasonal temperature	dry season	increase	well
annual rainfall		increase	moderately
seasonal rainfall	wet/ rainy season	increase	moderately

Comments:

Change in rainfall. If there is too much rain, the soil will be saturated and the root will be spoiled what reduces the yield of mungbean.

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

When the orange trees grow bigger, it will provide very high income.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• 1-10%

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 91-100%

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

No

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Get income from the mungbean before orange trees provide fruit as a potential source of income.
The residues from the mungbean plants help to improve soil fertility.
The potential market of orange tree fruits is good, with traders buying directly from producers at the farm.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Residues of mungbean improve soil fertility, reduce soil degradation and help rehabilitate the degraded land.
In the initial 3 to 4 years of growth of orange trees it is important to grow short term crops like mungbean to provide an income source.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Orange trees require a lot of water.	Grow near a water source such as a stream or river, or dig ponds to hold water. Land users need to consider a potential water source.
When the soils become saturated due to excessive rain, the mungbean plant roots can degenerate and result in low grain yields and low grain price (due to poor grain quality).	There is little that farmers can do to improve the performance of the mung bean crop in conditions of soil moisture saturation.

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
As the orange trees grow bigger there is reduced opportunity for intercropping with mungbean.	Grow intercrops that do not require much sunlight, such as ginger or galanga

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Chadha, M. L. (2010). Short Duration Mungbean : A New Success in South Asia.

Available from where? Costs?

N/A

Title, author, year, ISBN:

MoE/Adaptation Fund/UNEP. (2016). Forest Restoration and Rehabilitation “ Enhancing Climate Change Resilience of Rural Communities Living in Protected Areas in Cambodia .”

Available from where? Costs?

Ministry of Environment(MoE). Free of charge.

7.3 Links to relevant online information

Title/ description:

MAFF. (2005). Mung bean.

URL:

Retrieved November 12, 2017, from http://www.maff.gov.kh/agri-tech/56-ដំណាំឧស្សាហកម្ម/ការដាំដុះសណ្តែក/1519-ដំណាំសណ្តែកបាយ.html

Title/ description:

Tauch Ung. (2010). Overiew of mung bean.

URL:

Retrieved November 12, 2017, from https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwhP4tVirBPsOTM3OWFiMzktZTdmNi00NjMyLTg1NjktMzFhYzhmMzUyMjVl/view?hl=en

Title/ description:

IRRI‐CIMMYT Alliance. (2009).The importance of legumes in cereal cropping systems.

URL:

Retrieved November 12, 2017, from http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/images/pdfs/the_importance_of_legumes_in_cereal_cropping_systems.pdf