{'is_geometry': True, 'configuration': 'technologies', 'additional_translations': {}, 'key': 'Map', 'value': '{"type":"FeatureCollection","features":[{"type":"Feature","id":1559823085466,"geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[2.216495,14.251922000000008]},"properties":null}]}', 'questionnaire_object': <Questionnaire: {"qg_name": [{"name": {"en": "Nardi/Vallerani trenches", "fr": "Tranch\u00e9es Nardi"}, "name_local": {"en": "Tranch\u00e9es Nardi (French)", "fr": "Tranch\u00e9es Nardi (French)"}}], "qg_photos": [{"image": "4b1304ab-2111-4b5c-8fd0-92d09b70ea96", "image_caption": {"en": "Plateau with Nardi/Vallerani trenches, planted with grass and trees (age: 5 years)", "fr": "Plateau with Nardi/Vallerani trenches, planted with grass and trees (age: 5 years)"}, "image_photographer": {"en": "GIZ", "fr": "GIZ"}}, {"image": "dcf334be-10d2-48a5-ae20-4a164195dac3", "image_caption": {"en": "Plateau with trenches recently dug using a Nardi plough", "fr": "Plateau with trenches recently dug using a Nardi plough"}, "image_photographer": {"en": "GIZ", "fr": "GIZ"}}], "tech_qg_1": [{"tech_definition": {"en": "Nardi/Vallerani trenches are microcatchments which are made using a special tractor-pulled plough to restore degraded and encrusted forests and rangelands", "fr": "Les tranch\u00e9es Nardi/Valerani sont des micro-bassins r\u00e9alis\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019une charrue sp\u00e9cifiquement con\u00e7ue \u00e0 cet effet et remorqu\u00e9e par un tracteur pour r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer des terres d\u00e9grad\u00e9es et encrout\u00e9es \u00e0 vocation sylvo-pastorale."}}], "tech_qg_2": [{"tech_description": {"en": "Nardi/Vallerani trenches are microcatchments 4 m long and 0.5 m wide. They are made using a tractor-pulled plough specifically designed for this purpose. The Nardi plough cuts a furrow perpendicular to the slope, throwing up a ridge on the downhill side and thereby creating a barrier on that side of the furrow. The number of trenches varies according to the gradient of the terrain and the type of soil: the recommended number of microcatchments for flat or gently sloping terrain is between 250 and 400 per hectare, with the rows spaced 5 to 7 m apart; and for steeper slopes, the rows should be spaced 3 to 4 m apart, with a density of up to 600 microcatchments per hectare. In each Nardi/Vallerani microcatchment, two or three trees are planted or sown by direct seeding and then separated when they come up. Perennial grasses are sown a year later to allow the trees to become established first. The choice of species largely depends on the use to which the improved land is to be put and the priorities of the beneficiaries. It is recommended that the improved site be protected from grazing animals for at least three years to give the trees time to grow and the grass time to reproduce naturally, although the exact amount of time required will depend on the type of trees planted and how degraded the site is.\r\nNardi/Vallerani trenches are generally combined with scarification, which is carried out using a tractor-pulled scarifier. The strips between the trenches are scarified a year after they have been dug. These scarified strips are sown with perennial grasses at the same time as the trenches. The trees planted the year before are a year old, and the risk of the saplings being choked by the grass is minimal.\r\n\r\nRunoff collects in the Vallerani microcatchments, improving the infiltration of water into the soil and the retention of water for the plants growing in them. They also serve to loosen the soil and improve the plants\u2019 access to nutrients. Windborne seeds are trapped in the microcatchments, which helps to build up the natural grass cover.\r\nThis technique is particularly effective when rainfall is low, as the microcatchments retain water and make it available to the plants growing in them.\r\nIn the medium term, this technique is effective in protecting the land against water and wind erosion and rehabilitating barren land with no vegetation. In wet years, the microcatchments protect the land downhill from excessive run- off by retaining part of the water.\r\nImplemented on a wide scale, this technique can extend and improve the quality of forest and rangeland and reduce the problems for livestock keepers in years when the quality of pasture is not good. In the medium and long- term, the technique can increase the supply of firewood, timber and other wood products. Even in the short term, it increases the production of straw, which can be used as forage, for making roofing and mats or sold to generate extra income.\r\n\r\nEstablishment / maintenance activities and inputs: In order to ensure the sustainability of the investment, it is necessary to take the following steps before constructing the trenches: ensure that the communities are motivated to invest in the measure; ensure that the communities have the capacity to do the work and the technical expertise required to implement the measures and develop and manage the sites; ensure that there are sufficiently strong local and regional markets for forest/rangeland products; clearly define the objective (intended uses after improvement); clarify ownership of the land to be improved; jointly define who the beneficiaries will be; formulate an agreement establishing rules governing the protection, use and upkeep of the site.\r\nThe right grass species must be chosen to ensure the successful establishment of vegetation cover, taking the following factors into consideration: needs of livestock keepers and/or agro-pastoralists; species suited to environmental conditions, taking into account climate changes; palatability and nutritive value of the species and any secondary uses they may have; availability of seeds; potential for marketing products.\r\n\r\nThe Sahel is a region where the population has always faced a high degree of climate variability, manifested both in terms of time (unexpected dry spells can occur during the rainy season) and in terms of space (rainfall can vary greatly from one area to another). The population is mainly composed of small farmers and livestock keepers. \r\nOver the last two decades, the effects of climate change have exacerbated the already difficult conditions. Accord\u00acing to projections made by climatologists, the Sahel will experience a rise in temperatures combined with highly variable rainfall and an increase in extreme weather events. \r\nThe Soil and Water conservation and rehabilitation techniques have helped people in the Sahel to manage their ecosystems more effectively and improve their productive land. As a result, communities are better prepared to cope with environmental changes (changes in the climate, land degradation, etc.) and the im\u00acpact of shocks, particularly droughts", "fr": "Les tranch\u00e9es Nardi (appel\u00e9es aussi tranch\u00e9es Valerani) sont des micro-bassins d\u2019une longueur de 4 m et d\u2019une largeur de 0,5 m. Elles sont r\u00e9alis\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019une charrue sp\u00e9cifiquement con\u00e7ue \u00e0 cet effet et remorqu\u00e9e par un tracteur. La charrue Nardi ouvre un sillon perpendiculairement \u00e0 la pente en mettant le bourrelet en aval, cr\u00e9ant ainsi un obstacle en aval du sillon. Selon la pente et la nature du sol, le nombre de tranch\u00e9es peut varier. Pour un terrain plat ou \u00e0 faible pente, on estime qu\u2019il faut 250 \u00e0 400 unit\u00e9s par ha avec un espacement entre les lignes de 5 \u00e0 7 m. Sur les terrains \u00e0 forte pente, les lignes de tranch\u00e9es sont ramen\u00e9es \u00e0 3 - 4 m et la densit\u00e9 des tranch\u00e9es peut atteindre 600 unit\u00e9s/ha. Dans les tranch\u00e9es Nardi, deux \u00e0 trois arbres sont plant\u00e9s ou mis en place par semis direct et d\u00e9mari\u00e9s apr\u00e8s la lev\u00e9e. Un an plus tard, on s\u00e8me des herbac\u00e9es p\u00e9rennes afin de permettre l\u2019\u00e9tablissement des arbres. Le choix des esp\u00e8ces ligneuses d\u00e9pend essen- tiellement des utilisations ult\u00e9rieures et des priorit\u00e9s des b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires. Il est recommand\u00e9 de mettre le site am\u00e9nag\u00e9 en d\u00e9fens pendant une p\u00e9riode minimale de 3 ans afin de permettre la croissance des arbres et la reproduction naturelle des herbac\u00e9es. La dur\u00e9e exacte d\u00e9pend des essences arbor\u00e9es et du degr\u00e9 de d\u00e9gradation du site. Les tranch\u00e9es Nardi sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement combin\u00e9es \u00e0 un scarifiage qui est effectu\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019un scarificateur tir\u00e9 par un tracteur. Le tracteur scarifie les bandes entre les tranch\u00e9es Nardi un an apr\u00e8s l\u2019installation des tranch\u00e9es. Les bandes scarifi\u00e9es sont ensemenc\u00e9es en m\u00eame temps que les tranch\u00e9es Nardi avec des herbac\u00e9es p\u00e9rennes. Les arbres plant\u00e9s l\u2019ann\u00e9e pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente ont alors un an et le risque que ces jeunes arbres soient \u00e9touff\u00e9s par les herbac\u00e9es est ainsi minimis\u00e9.\r\n\r\nLes tranch\u00e9es Nardi servent \u00e0 recueillir les eaux de ruissellement, ce qui favorise l\u2019infiltration et la r\u00e9tention d\u2019eau pour les plantes. Les tranch\u00e9es servent \u00e9galement \u00e0 ouvrir le sol et am\u00e9liorent l\u2019accessibilit\u00e9 des nutriments pour les plantes. Les semences transport\u00e9es par le vent sont retenues dans les tranch\u00e9es et renforcent la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation herbac\u00e9e.\r\nCette technique est particuli\u00e8rement int\u00e9ressante dans une p\u00e9riode \u00e0 faible pluviosit\u00e9 en raison de sa capacit\u00e9 de retenir l\u2019eau et de la mettre \u00e0 la disposition des plants. Comme toutes les mesures de rev\u00e9g\u00e9talisation et de reboisement, cette technique assure une protection contre l\u2019\u00e9rosion hydrique et \u00e9olienne \u00e0 moyen terme et r\u00e9habilite des terres st\u00e9riles sans v\u00e9g\u00e9tation. Dans les ann\u00e9es humides, les tranch\u00e9es prot\u00e8gent les terres en aval contre le ruissellement excessif en retenant une partie de l\u2019eau.\r\nMise en \u0153uvre \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle, la technique permet d\u2019\u00e9tendre et d\u2019am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 des aires sylvo-pastorales et de r\u00e9duire les effets n\u00e9fastes pour les \u00e9leveurs dans les ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 les p\u00e2turages sont de m\u00e9diocre qualit\u00e9. \u00c0 moyen et long terme, la technique peut accro\u00eetre les disponibilit\u00e9s en bois d\u2019\u00e9nergie, en bois d\u2019\u0153uvre et en autres produits ligneux. M\u00eame \u00e0 court terme, les tranch\u00e9es augmentent la production de paille qui est utilis\u00e9e comme fourrage, rev\u00eatement de toiture et nattes ou qui est com- mercialis\u00e9e dans le but d\u2019obtenir un revenu suppl\u00e9mentaire.\r\n\r\nPour assurer la durabilit\u00e9 de l\u2019investissement, il faut au pr\u00e9alable : v\u00e9rifier si les communaut\u00e9s sont motiv\u00e9es \u00e0 s\u2019investir ; v\u00e9rifier si les communaut\u00e9s ont les capacit\u00e9s de travail et les connaissances techniques n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la mise en \u0153uvre, la valorisation et la gestion des sites ; v\u00e9rifier s\u2019il existe des march\u00e9s locaux et r\u00e9gionaux suffi- samment importants pour les produits sylvo-pastoraux ; clarifier l\u2019objectif envisag\u00e9 (type d\u2019usage apr\u00e8s am\u00e9nagement) ; clarifier les titres de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 fonci\u00e8re sur les sites \u00e0 am\u00e9nager ; d\u00e9finir conjointement les b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires de l\u2019am\u00e9nagement ; \u00e9laborer, en commun avec les usagers, une convention locale sur les r\u00e8gles de protection, d\u2019exploitation et d\u2019entretien du site. Pour garantir la r\u00e9ussite de la v\u00e9g\u00e9talisation, il convient de d\u00e9terminer le choix des herbac\u00e9es sur la base des \u00e9l\u00e9ments suivants : besoins des \u00e9leveurs et / ou des agro-pasteurs ; choix d\u2019esp\u00e8ces appropri\u00e9es, adapt\u00e9es aux conditions \u00e9cologiques, en tenant compte de l\u2019\u00e9volution climatique ; app\u00e9tibilit\u00e9 et valeur nutritive des esp\u00e8ces et utilisations secondaires de ces derni\u00e8res ; disponibilit\u00e9 de semences ; possibilit\u00e9s de commercialiser les produits."}}], "tech_qg_5": [{"tech_who_implemented": ["implementation_externally"], "tech_who_implemented_comments": {"en": "developed, implemented and disseminated as part of projects and programmes undertaken from the 1980s onwards to combat desertification and improve natural resource management. Implemented by GIZ (German Federal Enterprise for International Cooperation), PDRT (Projet de d\u00e9veloppement rural de Tahoua - Tahoua Rural Development Project), PASP (Projet de protection int\u00e9gr\u00e9e des ressources agro-sylvo-pastorales Tillab\u00e9ri-Nord - Project for the Integrated Protection of Agricultural, Forest and Rangeland Resources in Tillab\u00e9ri-Nord)", "fr": "developed, implemented and disseminated as part of projects and programmes undertaken from the 1980s onwards to combat desertification and improve natural resource management. Implemented by GIZ (German Federal Enterprise for International Cooperation), PDRT (Projet de d\u00e9veloppement rural de Tahoua - Tahoua Rural Development Project), PASP (Projet de protection int\u00e9gr\u00e9e des ressources agro-sylvo-pastorales Tillab\u00e9ri-Nord - Project for the Integrated Protection of Agricultural, Forest and Rangeland Resources in Tillab\u00e9ri-Nord)"}}], "tech_qg_6": [{"tech_main_purpose": ["main_purpose_degradation"]}], "tech_qg_7": [{"tech_lu_comments": {"en": "Major land use problems (compiler\u2019s opinion): crusting, surface runoff, water and wind erosion, unadapted land use methods, rapidly growing population increasing pressure on land, reduced or abandoned fallow periods, insecure access to land. \r\nFarmers are mainly agropastoralists with some communities specialised on pure pastoralism\r\n\r\nConstraints of forested government-owned land or commons\r\n\r\nNumber of growing seasons per year: 1\r\nLongest growing period in days: 120, Longest growing period from month to month: August to October\r\nLivestock density: 1-10 LU /km2", "fr": "Probl\u00e8mes: ruissellement de surface, encro\u00fbtement des sols, \u00e9rosion des sols et d\u2019eau, inadapt\u00e9es m\u00e9thodes d'utilisation des terres, la pression d\u00e9mographique, augmentation de la pression sur les terres, p\u00e9riodes de jach\u00e8re r\u00e9duits, ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la terre\r\n\r\nNombre de p\u00e9riode de croissance par an: 1\r\n120 jours, Ao\u00fbt-Octobre\r\nDensit\u00e9 d'\u00e9levage/ chargement: 1-10 LU /km2"}}], "tech_qg_8": [{"tech_measures": ["tech_measures_vegetative", "tech_measures_structural"]}], "tech_qg_9": [{"tech_landuse_2018": ["tech_lu_grazingland", "tech_lu_forest"]}], "qg_sources": [{"sources_used": ["source_field", "source_interviews_landusers"]}], "tech_qg_11": [{"tech_lu_grazingland_extensive": ["tech_lu_grazingland_pastoralism"], "tech_lu_grazingland_intensive": ["tech_lu_grazingland_zerograzing"]}], "tech_qg_12": [{"tech_lu_forest_type": ["lu_forest_natural"], "tech_lu_forest_natural": ["lu_forest_selectivefelling"], "tech_lu_forest_products": ["tech_lu_forestproducts_timber", "tech_lu_forestproducts_fuelwood", "tech_lu_forestproducts_fruitsnuts", "tech_lu_forestproducts_otherproducts", "tech_lu_forestproducts_grazing"]}], "tech_qg_19": [{"tech_watersupply": "tech_watersupply_mixed"}], "tech_qg_20": [{"tech_slm_group": ["tech_slm_group_groundcover", "tech_slm_group_soildisturbance", "tech_slm_group_crossslope"]}], "tech_qg_22": [{"tech_measures_vegetative_sub": ["measures_vegetative_v1", "measures_vegetative_v2"]}], "tech_qg_23": [{"tech_measures_structural_sub": ["measures_structural_s4"]}], "tech_qg_27": [{"tech_degradation": ["degradation_erosion_water", "degradation_erosion_wind", "degradation_chemical", "degradation_physical", "degradation_biological", "degradation_water"]}], "tech_qg_28": [{"degradation_erosion_water_sub": ["degradation_wt", "degradation_wo"]}], "tech_qg_29": [{"degradation_erosion_wind_sub": ["degradation_et"]}], "tech_qg_30": [{"degradation_chemical_sub": ["degradation_cn"]}], "tech_qg_31": [{"degradation_physical_sub": ["degradation_pc", "degradation_pk"]}], "tech_qg_32": [{"degradation_biological_sub": ["degradation_bc"]}], "tech_qg_33": [{"degradation_water_sub": ["degradation_ha"]}], "tech_qg_34": [{"degradation_comments": {"en": "Main causes of degradation: soil management (Unadapted land use methods, reduced or abandoned fallow periods), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Neglect of fallow periods and crop rotation), droughts (due to heat waves), population pressure (rapidly growing population increasing pressure on land), land tenure (insecure access to land and collectively managaed commons), poverty / wealth (very poor population)\r\n\r\nSecondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (deforestation through overgrazing and fire wood collection), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (firewood collection), overgrazing (cattle, shee and goats), change in temperature (Climate change: heat waves), change of seasonal rainfall (more variable onset of rain), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (more variable and intensive rains), wind storms / dust storms (frequent storms), floods (due to intensive rains), labour availability (some migration of men to nearby cities), education, access to knowledge and support services (high level of illiteracy)", "fr": "causes de d\u00e9gradation: gestion des sols (inadapt\u00e9es m\u00e9thodes d'utilisation des terres, p\u00e9riodes de jach\u00e8re r\u00e9duits), surexploitation de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation pour l\u2019usage domestique, surp\u00e2turage, pression de la population (pression d\u00e9mographique, augmentation de la pression sur les terres), r\u00e9gime foncier (ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la terre)"}}], "tech_qg_35": [{"tech_prevention": ["intervention_reduce_ld", "intervention_rehabilitate"]}], "tech_qg_36": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha", "fr": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 16.3, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "labour", "fr": "main d'oevre"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 16.3, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_37": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha", "fr": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 23.6, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "machine use", "fr": "usage de machines"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 23.6, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha", "fr": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 12.3, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "transport and planting trees", "fr": "transport et planter des arbres"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 12.3, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_38": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "ha", "fr": "ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 52.0, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "seedlings", "fr": "plants"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 52.0, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_43": [{"tech_maint_activity": {"en": "Separating trees when they come up", "fr": "arbres d\u00e9mari\u00e9s apr\u00e8s la lev\u00e9e"}}, {"tech_maint_activity": {"en": "Perennial grasses are sown a year after the trees to allow the trees to become established first.", "fr": "Un an plus tard, on s\u00e8me des herbac\u00e9es p\u00e9rennes afin de permettre l\u2019\u00e9tablissement des arbres."}}, {"tech_maint_activity": {"en": "The strips between the trenches are scarifieda year after they have been dug. These scarified strips are sown with perennial grasses at the same time as the trenches.", "fr": "Le tracteur scarifie les bandes entre les tranch\u00e9es Nardi un an apr\u00e8s l\u2019installation des tranch\u00e9es. Les bandes scarifi\u00e9es sont ensemenc\u00e9es en m\u00eame temps que les tranch\u00e9es Nardi avec des herbac\u00e9es p\u00e9rennes."}}], "tech_qg_52": [{"tech_input_maint_comments": {"en": "Microcatchments on low-gradient terrain\r\n\u2022 1 Nardi plough (imported from Italy)\r\n\u2022 tractor hire.\r\nLabour\r\n\u2022 8.5 man-days per ha.\r\nOther costs\r\n\u2022 800 seedlings and 15 kg of seeds (plus transport and replacement plants).", "fr": "Tranch\u00e9es sur pente faible :\r\n\u2022 1 charrue Nardi (\u00e0 importer d\u2019Italie) ;\r\n\u2022 location d\u2019un tracteur ;\r\nMain d\u2019\u0153uvre :\r\n\u2022 8,5 personnes / jour par hectare ;\r\n\u2022 800 plants, 15 kg de semences (plus transports et regarnis)."}}], "tech_qg_54": [{"tech_rainfall": ["tech_rainfall_501_750"]}], "tech_qg_55": [{"tech_agroclimatic_zone": ["tech_agroclimatic_zone_semiarid"], "tech_agroclimatic_zone_specifications": {"en": "Thermal climate class: subtropics", "fr": "Thermal climate class: subtropics"}}], "tech_qg_56": [{"tech_slopes": ["tech_slopes_gentle", "tech_slopes_moderate"], "tech_landforms": ["tech_landforms_plateau"], "tech_altitudinalzone": ["tech_altitudinalzone_100_500"]}], "tech_qg_58": [{"tech_soil_depth": ["tech_soil_depth_veryshallow", "tech_soil_depth_shallow"], "tech_topsoil_organic": ["tech_topsoil_organic_medium"], "tech_soil_texture_topsoil": ["tech_soil_texture_medium", "tech_soil_texture_fine"]}], "tech_qg_60": [{"tech_groundwater": "tech_groundwater_5_50m", "tech_surfacewater": "tech_surfacewater_medium", "tech_waterquality": "tech_waterquality_agriculturaluse"}], "tech_qg_66": [{"tech_speciesdiversity": "measure_low"}], "tech_qg_71": [{"tech_gender": ["gender_men"], "tech_wealth": ["tech_wealth_verypoor", "tech_wealth_poor"], "tech_mechanisation": ["mechanisation_manual", "mechanisation_animal"], "tech_offfarm_income": ["offfarm_income_10_50"], "tech_market_orientation": ["tech_market_orientation_subsistence", "tech_market_orientation_mixed"]}], "tech_qg_72": [{"tech_land_size": ["tech_land_size_2_5"], "tech_land_size_relative": ["tech_size_smallscale"]}], "tech_qg_73": [{"tech_ownership": ["tech_ownership_state", "tech_ownership_communal"], "tech_landuserights": ["tech_userights_openaccess", "tech_userights_communal"], "tech_wateruserights": ["tech_userights_openaccess", "tech_userights_communal"]}], "tech_qg_75": [{"tech_ownership_comments": {"en": "traditional land use rights prevail. On fields individual land use rights, communal land on pasture and forest land (collection of wood and other products (fruits, medicinal plants))", "fr": "droits traditionnels d'utilisation des terres, terres communales sur les p\u00e2turages et les terres foresti\u00e8res (collecte du bois et d'autres produits (fruits, plantes m\u00e9dicinales))"}}], "tech_qg_77": [{"tech_landuser_comments": {"en": "Population density: 10-50 persons/km2\r\nAnnual population growth: 3% - 4% (mostly poor households below poverty line).\r\nOff-farm income specification: men migrate temporarily or permanently to cities for off-farm income, women and men seasonally carry out paid farm work", "fr": "les hommes migrent temporairement ou d\u00e9finitivement vers les villes"}}], "tech_qg_79": [{"tech_impacts_fodderproduction": 7}], "tech_qg_80": [{"tech_impacts_fodderquality": 6}], "tech_qg_81": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "It is recommended that the improved site be protected from grazing animals for at least three years to give the trees time to grow and the grass time to reproduce naturally", "fr": "It is recommended that the improved site be protected from grazing animals for at least three years to give the trees time to grow and the grass time to reproduce naturally"}, "tech_impacts_animalproduction": 3}], "tech_qg_82": [{"tech_impacts_woodproduction": 7}], "tech_qg_87": [{"tech_impacts_productionarea": 7}], "tech_qg_95": [{"tech_input_determinate_factors": {"en": "The slope determines the costs. The number of trenches varies according to the gradient of the terrain and the type of soil: the recommended number of microcatchments for flat or gently sloping terrain is between 250 and 400 per hectare, with the rows spaced 5 to 7 m apart; and for steeper slopes, the rows should be spaced 3 to 4 m apart, with a density of up to 600 microcatchments per hectare.", "fr": "Selon la pente et la nature du sol, le nombre de tranch\u00e9es peut varier. Pour un terrain plat ou \u00e0 faible pente, on estime qu\u2019il faut 250 \u00e0 400 unit\u00e9s par ha avec un espacement entre les lignes de 5 \u00e0 7 m. Sur les terrains \u00e0 forte pente, les lignes de tranch\u00e9es sont ramen\u00e9es \u00e0 3 - 4 m et la densit\u00e9 des tranch\u00e9es peut atteindre 600 unit\u00e9s/ha."}}], "qg_location": [{"country": "country_NER", "state_province": {"en": "Niger", "fr": "Niger"}, "further_location": {"en": "Regions of Tillab\u00e9ri, Filingu\u00e9, Ouallam, T\u00e9ra and Tahuoa", "fr": "Regions of Tillab\u00e9ri, Filingu\u00e9, Ouallam, T\u00e9ra and Tahuoa"}}], "tech_qg_104": [{"tech_impacts_farmincome": 7}], "tech_qg_108": [{"tech_impacts_foodsecurity": 7}], "tech_qg_116": [{"tech_impacts_conflictmitigation": 6}], "tech_qg_120": [{"tech_impacts_harvestingwater": 7}], "tech_qg_121": [{"tech_impacts_surfacerunoff": 6}], "tech_qg_125": [{"tech_impacts_soilmoisture": 7}], "tech_qg_126": [{"tech_impacts_soilcover": 6}], "tech_qg_127": [{"tech_impacts_soilloss": 7}], "tech_qg_129": [{"tech_impacts_soilcrusting": 6}], "tech_qg_130": [{"tech_impacts_soilcompaction": 7}], "tech_qg_131": [{"tech_impacts_nutrientcycling": 7}], "tech_qg_136": [{"tech_impacts_plantdiversity": 6}], "tech_qg_140": [{"tech_impacts_biomass": 7, "tech_impacts_quant_after": {"en": "540 kg/ha", "fr": "540 kg/ha"}, "tech_impacts_quant_before": {"en": "100 kg/ha", "fr": "100 kg/ha"}}], "tech_qg_144": [{"tech_impacts_windvelocity": 5}], "tech_qg_147": [{"tech_impacts_downstreamflooding": 6}], "tech_qg_152": [{"tech_impacts_windtransportedsediments": 5}], "tech_qg_156": [{"tech_sustainability": 0}], "tech_qg_160": [{"tech_implementation_decades": "implemenation_10_50"}], "tech_qg_164": [{"tech_input_exchange_rate": 521.18, "tech_input_national_currency": {"en": "CFA Franc", "fr": "CFA Franc"}}], "tech_qg_165": [{"tech_est_activity": {"en": "The Nardi plough cuts a furrow perpendicular to the slope, throwing up a ridge on the downhill side and thereby creating a barrier on that side of the furrow", "fr": "La charrue Nardi ouvre un sillon perpendiculairement \u00e0 la pente en mettant le bourrelet en aval, cr\u00e9ant ainsi un obstacle en aval du sillon."}}, {"tech_est_activity": {"en": "In each Nardi/Vallerani microcatchment, two or three trees are planted or sown by direct seeding", "fr": "Dans les tranch\u00e9es Nardi, deux \u00e0 trois arbres sont plant\u00e9s ou mis en place par semis direct"}}], "tech_qg_168": [{"tech_exposure_incrdecr": "increase", "tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_179": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_not_well"}], "tech_qg_180": [{"tech_tolerance_comments": {"en": "Physical structures can be biologically stabilized through planting of grass, bushes or trees. Damages are generally small but need to be repaired quickly.", "fr": "Les structures physiques peuvent \u00eatre stabilis\u00e9es biologiquement, par la plantation d'herbe, des buissons ou des arbres. Les d\u00e9g\u00e2ts sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement insignifiant, mais doivent \u00eatre r\u00e9par\u00e9s rapidement."}}], "tech_qg_181": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_verypositive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_positive"}], "tech_qg_182": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_verypositive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_positive"}], "tech_qg_183": [{"tech_costbenefit_comments": {"en": "In the short term, this technique increases the production of straw, which can be used as forage, for making roofing and mats or sold to generate extra income. In the medium and long-term, the technique can increase the supply of firewood, timber and other wood products.", "fr": "\u00e0 court terme, les tranch\u00e9es augmentent la production de paille qui est utilis\u00e9e comme fourrage, rev\u00eatement de toiture et nattes ou qui est commercialis\u00e9e dans le but d\u2019obtenir un revenu suppl\u00e9mentaire; \u00e1 moyen et long terme, la technique peut accro\u00eetre les disponibilit\u00e9s en bois d\u2019\u00e9nergie, en bois d\u2019\u0153uvre et en autres produits ligneux"}}], "tech_qg_184": [{"user_id": "2699", "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}], "tech_qg_185": [{"tech_drawing": "5d9ff711-5b9d-4c5a-af1a-d7d14c92a480", "tech_specifications": {"en": "Nardi/Vallerani trenches are microcatchments 4 m long and 0.5 m wide. The Nardi plough cuts a furrow perpendicular to the slope, throwing up a ridge on the downhill side and thereby creating a barrier on that side of the furrow. The recommended number of microcatchments for flat or gently sloping terrain is between 250 and 400 per hectare, with the rows spaced 5 to 7 m apart; and for steeper slopes, the rows should be spaced 3 to 4 m apart, with a density of up to 600 microcatchments per hectare.\r\nSource of drawing: Minist\u00e8re du D\u00e9veloppement Agricole Niger (without date): Recueil des fiches techniques en gestion des ressources naturelles et de productions agro-sylvo-pastorales.\r\n\r\nLocation: Niger\r\nTechnical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high\r\nTechnical knowledge required for land users: moderate\r\n\r\nMain technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply\r\nSecondary technical functions: stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,\u2026), sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, reduction in wind speed, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)\r\n\r\nVegetative measure: within each microcatchment 2-3 trees\r\nVegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass\r\nNumber of plants per (ha): 700-1250\r\nVegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass\r\nRetention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap\r\nSpacing between structures (m): 5-7\r\nDepth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.4\r\nWidth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5\r\nLength of ditches/pits/dams (m): 4\r\nVegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.", "fr": "Les tranch\u00e9es Nardi (appel\u00e9es aussi tranch\u00e9es Valerani) sont des micro-bassins d\u2019une longueur de 4 m et d\u2019une largeur de 0,5 m. Elles sont r\u00e9alis\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019une charrue sp\u00e9cifiquement con\u00e7ue \u00e0 cet effet et remorqu\u00e9e par un tracteur. La charrue Nardi ouvre un sillon perpendiculairement \u00e0 la pente en mettant le bourrelet en aval, cr\u00e9ant ainsi un obstacle en aval du sillon. Selon la pente et la nature du sol, le nombre de tranch\u00e9es peut varier. Pour un terrain plat ou \u00e0 faible pente, on estime qu\u2019il faut 250 \u00e0 400 unit\u00e9s par ha avec un espacement entre les lignes de 5 \u00e0 7 m. Sur les terrains \u00e0 forte pente, les lignes de tranch\u00e9es sont ramen\u00e9es \u00e0 3 - 4 m et la densit\u00e9 des tranch\u00e9es peut atteindre 600 unit\u00e9s/ha.\r\nSource: Minist\u00e8re du D\u00e9veloppement Agricole Niger: Recueil des fiches techniques en gestion des ressources naturelles et de productions agro-sylvo-pastorales.\r\n\r\nLocation: Niger\r\nTechnical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: fort\r\nTechnical knowledge required for land users: moyen\r\n\r\nMain technical functions: contr\u00f4le du ruissellement en nappe: r\u00e9tention / capture, contr\u00f4le du ruissellement en nappe: ralentissement / retardement, contr\u00f4le du ruissellement en ravines: r\u00e9tention/capture, contr\u00f4le du ruissellement en ravines: ralentissement/retardement, am\u00e9lioration de la couverture du sol, am\u00e9lioration de la structure du sol en surface (encro\u00fbtement, battance du sol), am\u00e9lioration de la structure de la couche arable du sol (tassement, compaction), augmentation de l'infiltration, augmentation / maintien de la r\u00e9tention d'eau dans le sol, r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration de l\u2019eau / augmentation des r\u00e9serves d\u2019eau\r\nSecondary technical functions: stabilisation du sol (par ex. par des racines d\u2019arbres contre les glissements de terrain), augmentation de la disponibilit\u00e9 des nutriments (r\u00e9serve, recyclage, \u2026), r\u00e9tention / capture des s\u00e9diments, recueil des s\u00e9diments, r\u00e9duction de la vitesse du vent, d\u00e9veloppement des esp\u00e8ces v\u00e9g\u00e9tales et de la vari\u00e9t\u00e9 (qualit\u00e9, ex: fourrage app\u00e9tent)\r\n\r\nVegetative measure: Dans les tranch\u00e9es Nardi, deux \u00e0 trois arbres\r\nVegetative material: T: arbres/ arbustes, G: herbac\u00e9es\r\nNumber of plants per (ha): 700-1250\r\nVegetative measure: Vegetative material: T: arbres/ arbustes, G: herbac\u00e9es\r\nRetention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap\r\nSpacing between structures (m): 5-7\r\nDepth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.4\r\nWidth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5\r\nLength of ditches/pits/dams (m): 4\r\nVegetation is used for stabilisation of structures."}}], "tech_qg_186": [{"tech_impacts_other_measure": 7, "tech_impacts_other_specify": {"en": "amount of straw (used as forage or sold and/or used for roofing, doors and fencing)", "fr": "paille (fourrage et vendue ou utilis\u00e9e pour les toitures, portes et cl\u00f4tures)"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelleft": {"en": "decreased", "fr": "en baisse"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelright": {"en": "increased", "fr": "augment\u00e9"}}], "tech_qg_187": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "Implemented on a wide scale, this technique can extend and improve the quality of forest and rangeland and reduce the problems for livestock keepers in years when the quality of pasture is not good. In the medium and long-term, the technique can increase the supply of firewood, timber and other wood products. Even in the short term, this technique increases the production of straw, which can be used as forage, for making roofing and mats or sold to generate extra income. The forest/rangeland sites help communities to bridge the hunger gap, and in lean years, the women collect forest products, such as leaves, pods and fruit to supplement their diet. Sometimes, small quantities of wood are sold to buy cereals. Ingredients for medicinal products and other secondary products, such as gum arabic, are collected from the trees and bushes.", "fr": "Mise en \u0153uvre \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle, la technique permet d\u2019\u00e9tendre et d\u2019am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 des aires sylvo-pas- torales et de r\u00e9duire les effets n\u00e9fastes pour les \u00e9leveurs dans les ann\u00e9es o\u00f9 les p\u00e2turages sont de m\u00e9diocre qualit\u00e9. \u00c0 moyen et long terme, la technique peut accro\u00eetre les disponibilit\u00e9s en bois d\u2019\u00e9nergie, en bois d\u2019\u0153uvre et en autres produits ligneux. M\u00eame \u00e0 court terme, les tranch\u00e9es augmentent la production de paille qui est utilis\u00e9e comme fourrage, rev\u00eatement de toiture et nattes ou qui est commercialis\u00e9e dans le but d\u2019obtenir un revenu suppl\u00e9mentaire. Les sites sylvo-pastoraux contribuent \u00e0 la subsistance des communaut\u00e9s pendant la p\u00e9riode de soudure et dans les ann\u00e9es difficiles: les femmes cueillent et ramassent des produits sauvages tels que des feuilles, des gousses et des fruits pour compl\u00e9ter les repas. Parfois de petites quantit\u00e9s de bois sont enlev\u00e9es et vendues"}, "tech_impacts_other_measure": 7, "tech_impacts_other_specify": {"en": "contribution to human well-being", "fr": "contribution pour le bien-\u00eatre"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelleft": {"en": "decreased", "fr": "en baisse"}, "tech_impacts_other_labelright": {"en": "increased", "fr": "augment\u00e9"}}], "tech_qg_191": [{"tech_adoption_comments": {"en": "The techniques were implemented with food for work in the 1990s to 2000. At the end, the work provided by land users was not compensated. Only small equipment and transportation were provided for free. Some adoption (without support by the project) has been observed in some places.\r\nThere is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology. Some adoption (without support by the project) has been observed in some places.", "fr": "Les techniques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mises en \u0153uvre avec \u00ab nourriture pour le travail \u00bb dans les ann\u00e9es 1990 \u00e0 2000. \u00c0 la fin, le travail fourni par les utilisateurs des terres n'a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 compens\u00e9. Seulement \u00e9quipement et transport ont \u00e9t\u00e9 fournis gratuitement. Certains adoption (sans support par le projet) a \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9e en certains lieux. Certains adoption (sans support par le projet) a \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9e en certains lieux."}}], "tech_qg_197": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_202": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_205": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_not_well"}], "tech_qg_222": [{"tech_input_est_total_costs": 104.2}], "tech_qg_226": [{"tech_access_roads": 1, "tech_access_water": 1, "tech_access_energy": 1, "tech_access_health": 1, "tech_access_markets": 1, "tech_access_education": 1, "tech_access_financial": 1, "tech_access_employment": 1, "tech_access_techassistance": 1}], "tech_qg_232": [{"tech_input_est_total_costs_usd": 0.2}], "tech_qg_250": [{"date_documentation": "01/07/2012"}], "qg_references": [{"references_title": {"en": "Good Practices in Soil and Water Conservation. A contribution to adaptation and farmers\u00b4 resilience towards climate change in the Sahel. Published by GIZ in 2012.", "fr": "Good Practices in Soil and Water Conservation. A contribution to adaptation and farmers\u00b4 resilience towards climate change in the Sahel. Published by GIZ in 2012."}, "references_source": {"en": "http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Main_Page", "fr": "http://agriwaterpedia.info/wiki/Main_Page"}}], "qg_location_map": [{"location_map": "{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":1559823085466,\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Point\",\"coordinates\":[2.216495,14.251922000000008]},\"properties\":null}]}"}], "qg_funding_project": [{"funding_project": 11}], "qg_accept_conditions": [{"accept_conditions": 1}], "qg_strengths_compiler": [{"strengths_compiler": {"en": "In the medium term, this technique is effective in protecting the land against water and wind erosion and rehabilitating barren land with no vegetation.", "fr": "cette technique assure une protection contre l\u2019\u00e9rosion hydrique et \u00e9olienne \u00e0 moyen terme et r\u00e9habilite des terres st\u00e9riles sans v\u00e9g\u00e9tation"}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "Runoff collects in the Vallerani microcatchments, improving the infiltration of water into the soil and the retention of water for the plants growing in them. They also serve to loosen the soil and improve the plants\u2019 access to nutrients. Windborne seeds are trapped in the microcatchments, which helps to build up the natural grass cover.", "fr": "Les tranch\u00e9es Nardi servent \u00e0 recueillir les eaux de ruissellement, ce qui favorise l\u2019infiltration et la r\u00e9tention d\u2019eau pour les plantes. Les tranch\u00e9es servent \u00e9galement \u00e0 ouvrir le sol et am\u00e9liorent l\u2019accessibilit\u00e9 des nutriments pour les plantes. Les semences transport\u00e9es par le vent sont retenues dans les tranch\u00e9es et renforcent la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation herbac\u00e9e."}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "In wet years, the micro-catchments protect the land downhill from excessive runoff by retaining part of the water.", "fr": "Cette technique est particuli\u00e8rement int\u00e9ressante dans une p\u00e9riode \u00e0 faible pluviosit\u00e9 en raison de sa capacit\u00e9 de retenir l\u2019eau et de la mettre \u00e0 la disposition des plants."}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "This technique is particularly effective when rainfall is low, as the microcatchments retain water and make it available to the plants growing within them.", "fr": "la production moyenne suppl\u00e9mentaire obtenue est d\u2019environ 540 kg/ha de mati\u00e8re s\u00e8che de biomasse herbac\u00e9e, alors que la production sur les sites non am\u00e9nag\u00e9s reste inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 100 kg/ha."}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "The average additional output of dry matter in the form of herbaceous biomass was approximately 540 kg/ha, compared with less than 100 kg per hectare on land where the technique was not applied", "fr": "Dans les ann\u00e9es humides, les tranch\u00e9es prot\u00e8gent les terres en aval contre le ruissellement excessif en retenant une partie de l\u2019eau."}}], "qg_funding_institution": [{"funding_institution": 611}], "qg_weaknesses_compiler": [{"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "Animal production is reduced because the improved site should be protected from grazing animals for at least three years to give the trees time to grow and the grass time to reproduce naturally", "fr": "Possible r\u00e9duction de la production animaux. Il est recommand\u00e9 de mettre le site am\u00e9nag\u00e9 en d\u00e9fens pendant une p\u00e9riode minimale de 3 ans afin de permettre la croissance des arbres et la reproduction naturelle des herbac\u00e9es."}}, {"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "Vallerani microcatchments are recommended for use on well-structured soils (soils with high clay content and lateritic and stony soils). On poorly structured soils (sandy, silty soils), the furrows tend to close over after the first rains, rendering them ineffective.", "fr": "La r\u00e9alisation de tranch\u00e9es Nardi est recommand\u00e9e sur des sols bien structur\u00e9s (taux d\u2019argile \u00e9lev\u00e9, sols lat\u00e9ritiques ou caillouteux). Sur les sols peu structur\u00e9s (sableux, limoneux), les sillons se referment apr\u00e8s les premi\u00e8res pluies et deviennent inefficaces."}}, {"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "The Acacia holosericea species is not considered suitable for reforestation purposes, owing to its limited life span.", "fr": "En raison de leur dur\u00e9e de vie limit\u00e9e, les acacias holo se sont av\u00e9r\u00e9s peu appropri\u00e9s \u00e0 des fins de reboisement."}}]}>, 'map_url': '/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_1613/map/', 'template': 'raw'}