Labour en courbe de niveau [Tunisia]
- Creation:
- Update:
- Compiler: Wafa Saidi
- Editors: Siagbé Golli, Faouzi Harrouchi, faouzi BATTI, Fatma Maaloul
- Reviewers: William Critchley, Rima Mekdaschi Studer
technologies_6663 - Tunisia
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Expand all Collapse all1. General information
1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology
Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Direction Générale de l’Amenagement et de Conservation des Terres Agricoles (DG/ACTA) - TunisiaName of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
GIZ Tunisia (GIZ Tunisia) - Tunisia1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT
The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:
Yes
1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology
Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?
No
1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches (documented using WOCAT)
2. Description of the SLM Technology
2.1 Short description of the Technology
Definition of the Technology:
Le labour en courbe de niveau est une technique culturale qui consiste à labourer les terrains en pente suivant la direction des courbes de niveau pour réaliser une série de billons proches qui constituent des retenues d'eau.
2.2 Detailed description of the Technology
Description:
Le labour en courbes de niveau, entant qu'une technique conservatrice, conduit à prévenir l'érosion du sol en ralentissant l'écoulement de l'eau à travers le champ, ce qui à son tour aide à retenir l'humidité dans le sol, à empêcher le ruissellement des éléments nutritifs et à préserver la qualité du sol. Cette technique est efficace sur les terrains de pentes inférieures à 8% et sur tous étages bioclimatiques.
Pour réaliser le labour en courbes de niveau, on doit commencer par le traçage des courbes de niveau. Le traçage de ces lignes ce fait à l'aide d'un triangle à niveau. La distance entre les courbes de niveau est de 50 m pour des pentes de 2% et 30 à 40 m pour les pentes de plus de 2%.
On se fixe des lignes maîtresses en courbes de niveau distantes entre elles de 7 à 15 mètres en fonction de la pente et on laboure parallèlement à ces lignes.
Chaque année, on change le sens du labour et ce pour éviter la formation des sillons morts trop profonds et des ados élevées.
Les utilisateurs des terres apprécient le labour en courbes de niveau pour son efficacité dans la prévention de l'érosion des sols et l'amélioration des rendements des cultures. Cependant, certains agriculteurs trouvent difficile d'établir et de maintenir la technologie, en particulier dans les zones à fortes pentes ou sur un terrain accidenté.
2.3 Photos of the Technology
2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment
Country:
Tunisia
Region/ State/ Province:
Beja
Further specification of location:
Mjez El Bab
Specify the spread of the Technology:
- evenly spread over an area
If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:
- > 10,000 km2
Is/are the technology site(s) located in a permanently protected area?
No
Map
×2.6 Date of implementation
If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
- more than 50 years ago (traditional)
2.7 Introduction of the Technology
Specify how the Technology was introduced:
- as part of a traditional system (> 50 years)
Comments (type of project, etc.):
Le labour en courbes de niveau est une technique traditionnelle en Tunisie et est utilisée depuis des siècles pour prévenir l'érosion des sols et améliorer les rendements des cultures.
Ces dernières années, il y a eu un regain d'intérêt pour l'utilisation du labour en courbes de niveau en tant que pratique agricole durable qui peut aider à conserver les ressources en sols et en eau.
3. Classification of the SLM Technology
3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology
- improve production
- reduce, prevent, restore land degradation
- conserve ecosystem
- preserve/ improve biodiversity
- create beneficial economic impact
3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied
Land use mixed within the same land unit:
No
Cropland
- Annual cropping
Annual cropping - Specify crops:
- fodder crops - other
Annual cropping system:
Wheat or similar rotation with hay/pasture
Number of growing seasons per year:
- 1
Is intercropping practiced?
Yes
If yes, specify which crops are intercropped:
Fenugrec, Vesce
3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?
Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?
- No (Continue with question 3.4)
3.4 Water supply
Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
- rainfed
3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs
- improved ground/ vegetation cover
- cross-slope measure
3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology
agronomic measures
- A1: Vegetation/ soil cover
- A2: Organic matter/ soil fertility
vegetative measures
- V1: Tree and shrub cover
- V2: Grasses and perennial herbaceous plants
3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology
soil erosion by water
- Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
- Wg: gully erosion/ gullying
chemical soil deterioration
- Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content (not caused by erosion)
3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation
Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
- reduce land degradation
4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs
4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology
Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):
- Tracer les courbes de niveau maitresses distances entre elles de 10 m. Elles sont considérées comme un repère lors du labour
Author:
Wafa SAIDI
Date:
04/2023
4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs
Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:
- per Technology area
Indicate size and area unit:
1 ha
other/ national currency (specify):
Dinar tunisien
If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:
3.1
Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:
20
4.3 Establishment activities
Activity | Timing (season) | |
---|---|---|
1. | Le traçage des courbes de niveau | Cette activité se fait pendant la saison sèche |
2. | Le labour des sillons le long des courbes de niveau à l'aide d'une charrue à versoir ou d'une charrue à disques | Avant le début de la saison des pluies |
Comments:
Le calendrier des activités de la mise en œuvre peut varier en fonction des conditions locales, telles que le climat, le type de sol et le régime des précipitations.
4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment
If you are unable to break down the costs in the table above, give an estimation of the total costs of establishing the Technology:
150.0
4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities
Activity | Timing/ frequency | |
---|---|---|
1. | Le labour des sillons le long des courbes de niveau à l'aide d'une charrue à versoir ou d'une charrue à disques | Avant le début de la saison des pluies |
Comments:
Le calendrier des activités de la mise en œuvre peut varier en fonction des conditions locales, telles que le climat, le type de sol et le régime des précipitations.
4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)
If you are unable to break down the costs in the table above, give an estimation of the total costs of maintaining the Technology:
150.0
4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs
Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:
Coûts de l'équipement et du carburant
5. Natural and human environment
5.1 Climate
Annual rainfall
- < 250 mm
- 251-500 mm
- 501-750 mm
- 751-1,000 mm
- 1,001-1,500 mm
- 1,501-2,000 mm
- 2,001-3,000 mm
- 3,001-4,000 mm
- > 4,000 mm
Specifications/ comments on rainfall:
La zone est caractérisée par des fortes irrégularités interannuelles des précipitations. En effet, souvent plusieurs années sèches se succèdent rendant aléatoire la récolte des grandes cultures.
Les mois les plus pluvieux correspondent aux mois de février, octobre et novembre.
Indicate the name of the reference meteorological station considered:
Mjez El Beb CTV
Agro-climatic zone
- semi-arid
Dans le gouvernorat de Béja, la moyenne annuelle des températures est de 18 °C environ. Les étés sont chauds et les valeurs moyennes pendant cette saison sont en général supérieures à 25°C. Les maxima moyens se situent entre 27 et 32 °C. L’hiver est relativement doux et les valeurs moyennes pendant cette saison oscillent entre 10 et 12°C. Les minima moyens se situent entre 5 et 7°C.
5.2 Topography
Slopes on average:
- flat (0-2%)
- gentle (3-5%)
- moderate (6-10%)
- rolling (11-15%)
- hilly (16-30%)
- steep (31-60%)
- very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
- plateau/plains
- ridges
- mountain slopes
- hill slopes
- footslopes
- valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
- 0-100 m a.s.l.
- 101-500 m a.s.l.
- 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
- 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
- 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
- 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
- 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
- 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
- > 4,000 m a.s.l.
5.3 Soils
Soil depth on average:
- very shallow (0-20 cm)
- shallow (21-50 cm)
- moderately deep (51-80 cm)
- deep (81-120 cm)
- very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
- medium (loamy, silty)
- fine/ heavy (clay)
Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface):
- medium (loamy, silty)
- fine/ heavy (clay)
Topsoil organic matter:
- medium (1-3%)
If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.
Carbone organique de la couche arable (% poids): 0,65
pH de la couche arable (H2O): 6,9
Carbonate de calcium de la couche arable (% poids): 0,4
Sodicité de la couche arable (ESP) (%): 2
Salinité de la couche arable (ECe) (dS/m): 2,7
Carbone organique du sous-sol (% poids): 0,27
pH du sous-sol (H2O): 7,3
Carbonate de calcium du sous-sol (% poids): 1,7
Sodicité du sous-sol (ESP) (%): 2
Salinité du sous-sol (ECe) (dS/m): 1,7
5.4 Water availability and quality
Ground water table:
> 50 m
Availability of surface water:
good
Water quality (untreated):
poor drinking water (treatment required)
Water quality refers to:
both ground and surface water
Is water salinity a problem?
No
Is flooding of the area occurring?
Yes
Regularity:
episodically
5.5 Biodiversity
Species diversity:
- medium
Habitat diversity:
- medium
5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology
Sedentary or nomadic:
- Sedentary
Market orientation of production system:
- mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
Off-farm income:
- 10-50% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
- rich
Individuals or groups:
- individual/ household
Level of mechanization:
- mechanized/ motorized
Gender:
- men
Age of land users:
- youth
5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology
- < 0.5 ha
- 0.5-1 ha
- 1-2 ha
- 2-5 ha
- 5-15 ha
- 15-50 ha
- 50-100 ha
- 100-500 ha
- 500-1,000 ha
- 1,000-10,000 ha
- > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
- large-scale
5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights
Land ownership:
- individual, titled
Land use rights:
- individual
Water use rights:
- individual
Are land use rights based on a traditional legal system?
No
5.9 Access to services and infrastructure
health:
- poor
- moderate
- good
education:
- poor
- moderate
- good
technical assistance:
- poor
- moderate
- good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
- poor
- moderate
- good
markets:
- poor
- moderate
- good
energy:
- poor
- moderate
- good
roads and transport:
- poor
- moderate
- good
drinking water and sanitation:
- poor
- moderate
- good
financial services:
- poor
- moderate
- good
6. Impacts and concluding statements
6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown
Socio-economic impacts
Production
crop production
Comments/ specify:
Une augmentation de 30% du rendements
crop quality
risk of production failure
Income and costs
farm income
workload
Comments/ specify:
Le labour en courbe de niveau nécessite plus de temps.
Socio-cultural impacts
food security/ self-sufficiency
Ecological impacts
Water cycle/ runoff
harvesting/ collection of water
Quantity before SLM:
0%
Quantity after SLM:
25%
surface runoff
Soil
soil moisture
soil cover
soil loss
soil accumulation
Biodiversity: vegetation, animals
Vegetation cover
biomass/ above ground C
plant diversity
Climate and disaster risk reduction
flood impacts
Specify assessment of on-site impacts (measurements):
L'évaluation des impacts sur site est basée sur des estimations et des observations faites par l'agriculteur.
6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown
downstream siltation
Specify assessment of off-site impacts (measurements):
L'évaluation des impacts extérieurs est basée sur les observations des experts.
6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)
Gradual climate change
Gradual climate change
Season | increase or decrease | How does the Technology cope with it? | |
---|---|---|---|
annual rainfall | decrease | very well |
Climate-related extremes (disasters)
Meteorological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it? | |
---|---|
local rainstorm | well |
6.4 Cost-benefit analysis
How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:
very positive
Long-term returns:
positive
How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:
very positive
Long-term returns:
positive
6.5 Adoption of the Technology
- > 50%
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
- 51-90%
6.6 Adaptation
Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?
No
6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view |
---|
Augmenter des rendements des cultures |
Améliorer de la fertilité des sols |
Réduire l'érosion |
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view |
---|
Améliorer de la biodiversité |
6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view | How can they be overcome? |
---|---|
Le labour en courbes de niveau prend plus de temps que le labour conventionnel, ce qui peut décourager certains agriculteurs d'adopter la technique. | La sensibilisation des agriculteurs sur les avantages de cette techniques |
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view | How can they be overcome? |
---|---|
Le morcellement des terres | la réforme agraire à travers le remembrement |
7. References and links
7.1 Methods/ sources of information
- field visits, field surveys
Une enquête sur le terrain a été réalisée
- interviews with land users
Un entretien avec un exploitant
- interviews with SLM specialists/ experts
- compilation from reports and other existing documentation
When were the data compiled (in the field)?
04/02/2023
7.2 References to available publications
Title, author, year, ISBN:
Guide de conservation des eaux et du Sol, Ministère de l’agriculture, Direction Générale de l'Aménagement et de la Conservations des Terres Agricoles, 1995: Ministère de l’agriculture, Direction Générale de l'Aménagement et de la Conservations des Terres Agricoles
Available from where? Costs?
Ministère de l’agriculture, Direction Générale de l'Aménagement et de la Conservations des Terres Agricoles
Title, author, year, ISBN:
Carte agricole de la Tunisie, Ministère de l’agriculture, 2005
Available from where? Costs?
Ministère de l’agriculture, Direction Générale de l'Aménagement et de la Conservations des Terres Agricoles
7.3 Links to relevant online information
Title/ description:
Guide technique pour la lutte contre la désertification, Abdessalem Kallala, OSS, 2017
URL:
http://projet.oss-online.org/LCD/images/BP/Techniques_LCD.pdf
Title/ description:
Guide des bonnes pratiques d'utilisation durable de l'eau et des terres, WWF, 2019
URL:
https://www.wwf.ma/nos_nouvelles/nospublications/?33164/Guide-des-bonnes-pratiques-dutilisation-durable-de-leau-et-des-terres
Title/ description:
Harmonized World Soil Database, FAO, 2009
URL:
https://www.fao.org/soils-portal/data-hub/soil-maps-and-databases/harmonized-world-soil-database-v12/en/
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